Polysaccharide-based edible and biodegradable films from Eruca vesicaria mucilage: structural characterization, biocompatibility, and environmental impact

This study reports the development and characterization of edible, biodegradable films based on Eruca vesicaria seed mucilage, enriched with leaf extract and seed oil. Structural, thermal, mechanical, and surface properties were analyzed using fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, termogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and water contact angle measurements. Functional performance was evaluated through mechanical testing, water vapor permeability, and biodegradability in soil and water. Antioxidant activity and biocompatibility were assessed via DPPH assay and cytotoxicity tests on L929 fibroblast cells. The incorporation of Eruca vesicaria extract and oil enhanced mechanical strength, thermal stability, and antioxidant capacity. EM-Oil films showed increased hydrophobicity and biocompatibility, indicating potential for food packaging and biomedical applications. In contrast, EM-Extract films exhibited high antioxidant activity (73.31%) and flexibility but adversely affected long-term cell viability. Biodegradation studies revealed significant degradation in soil within 30 days (25–45% weight loss). Overall, Eruca vesicaria-based films offer a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic plastics. These findings support their potential use in active packaging, while future research should address formulation refinement and industrial-scale production.