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Öğe Bioactive rich fingered citron leaves: investigation of usage potential in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products(Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2024) Taşbaşı, Hilal; Aşan Özüsağlam, MeltemFingered citron is one of the important plants attracting attention with its important bioactive components. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential for use of fingered citron leaves in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Materials and Methods. The antimicrobial activity of fingered citron leaf ethanol extract was determined by disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods against clinical pathogens. Furthermore, fingered citron leaf ethanol extract sun protection factor (SPF) was spectrophotometrically evaluated. Results and Discussion. The inhibition zone diameters obtained as a result of the disc diffusion method were 9.16 mm against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and 9.63 mm against C. glabrata RSKK 04019. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was inhibited by fingered citron leaf ethanol extract with 7.76 mm of inhibition zone. Minimal inhibition (MIC) and bactericidal or fungicidal (MBC or MFC) concentrations values varied between 2.5 and 40 mg/mL. Additionally, the biological activity of the cream formulation obtained with cream, probiotic strain Limosilactobacillus fermentum MA-7 and fingered citron leaf extract was evaluated using the well diffusion method. The inhibition zone diameters of cream, L. fermentum MA-7, and fingered citron leaf extract cream group against C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. glabrata RSKK 04019 and S. aureus ATCC 25923 were determined as 2.73 mm, 4.37 mm, and 5.21 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the SPF value of fingered citron leaf ethanol extract was determined as 25.82. Then, fingered citron leaf ethanol extract-cream mixtures were prepared at various concentrations. It was determined that the SPF values of the extract and cream mixtures were higher at all concentrations compared to the commercial cream (control). The highest SPF value was determined as 6.7 at 10 mL concentration. Conclusion. The results indicated that fingered citron leaf ethanol extract can be a valuable resource for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries in the development of natural origin and effective products.Öğe Genetic polymorphism and cluster analyses based on the conserved DNAderived polymorphism markers in the selected Harumanis and non-Harumanis mango varieties(Rynnye Lyan Resources, 2024) Rahman, A.M.A; Zakaria, Z.; Aziz, N.A.; Xuan, K.H.; Rahman, K.H.A.; Mohtar, J.A.; Intan, S.A.S.; Mokhtar, M.A.A.; Gaši, F.; Pilav, A.; Çakmak, E.Various mango varieties have been cultivated in Malaysia for decades and the fruit plays a significant impact on trading nationwide. Harumanis is the most outstanding mango variety in terms of taste and quality which led to a premium price of up to 8.57 USD per kilogram. This has steered fraud in substituting with cheaper mango varieties such as Tong Dam and Susu due to similar morphological features. Morphological characteristics are commonly used to differentiate Harumanis mango from other varieties although it is inefficient, less stable, and affected by environmental factors. This research aimed to evaluate the genetic polymorphism in three mango varieties and assess the potential of conserved-DNA derived polymorphism (CDDP) as a DNA marker in differentiating Harumanis and non-Harumanis mango samples. A total of fifteen Harumanis and non-Harumanis mango samples were studied. A total of 371 bands were amplified by a set of six CDDP primers for fourteen mango leaf samples. The percentage of polymorphism observed for all six primers was higher than 65%. Primer WRKY-R1 showed the highest polymorphism percentage and polymorphism information content, which was 100% and 0.44, respectively, making it the most efficient CDDP primer to differentiate Harumanis and non-harumanis mango varieties in this study. Primer WRKY-F1 showed the highest value of resolving power at 8.57 with the highest number of loci was 15. The UPGMA dendrogram constructed based on CDDP data revealed fourteen samples were grouped into four major clusters with all different varieties forming their own clad. The study demonstrated that CDDP markers can be effectively used in the characterization of different mango genotypes and in genetic diversity analysis, facilitating the development of DNA fingerprinting of the leading Harumanis mango, as well as better management of mango fruit resources in Malaysia.Öğe Unravelling the maternal stress-induced orchestrations: Fndc5 gene expression dynamics across duodenum, stomach, and whole blood in offspring(Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 2024) Korkmaz Bayram, Keziban; Barokah, Aida Nurul; Işıktan, Şevval Nebahat; Bayram, ArslanMaternal stress is a known risk factor for a variety of adverse outcomes in offspring, including metabolic and behavioural abnormalities. The hormone irisin, encoded by the Fndc5 gene, is believed to mediate stress’s effects on metabolism. Two weeks of restraint stress causes stomach inflammation and increases oxidative stress in rodents. Irisin, coded by the Fndc5 gene, probably suppresses this oxidative stress. In this study, we examined the effect of early-life maternal stress on Fndc5 gene expression in the duodenum, stomach and whole-blood offspring. Materials and Methods: This study consists of three groups: a control, an unpredictable maternal separation (MS), and an unpredictable maternal separation combined with unpredictable maternal stress (MSUS). On postnatal (PND) days 1-14, randomly three hours a day, MS and MSUS were exposed to unpredictable maternal separation. MSUS was subjected to extra unpredictable maternal stress. Mice were sacrificed on PND35. Total RNA was isolated from duodenum, stomach, and whole blood samples by Phenol-Chloroform technique, and HiScript II 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit was used for cDNA synthesis. Fndc5 and Gapdh genes expression level was measured by qPCR using FastStart Universal SYBR Green Master. The data obtained were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA tests in GraphPad Prism. Results: Fndc5 gene expression did not differ between groups in the duodenum (p>0.05), significantly increased in the MSUS group compared to the control (female p=0.0089, male p=0.0053) and MS (female p=0.0206, male p=0.026) groups in the stomach. In whole blood samples, it decreased in MS and MSUS group males (p=0.0011). In addition, a significant negative correlation (p= 0.0003) has been established between the stomach and whole blood. Conclusion: The findings assert the role of irisin in transmitting stressrelated effects on metabolism, emphasizing the therapeutic potential of targeting the Fndc5 gene in preventing and treating stress-related disorders.Öğe A study on determination of total phenolic and protein amounts of waste green algae of Mamasın Dam Lake (Aksaray-Turkey)(Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, 2024) Koç Bilican, Behlül; Maruška, AudriusThe excessive proliferation of green algae in aquatic ecosystems threatens aquatic life, leading to oxygen depletion and water pollution. This study investigates two common green algae species, Ulva sp. and Cladophora sp., with potential in terms of protein and phenolic compounds. Cladophora sp. and Ulva sp. extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Despite lower phenolic content compared to specific plant species, both algae species exhibit various phenolic compounds. GC-MS analysis indicates the presence of major compounds such as limonene in Cladophora sp. and Tetradec-1-ene in Ulva sp., suggesting potential applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Despite modest protein amounts, the study emphasizes that algae, aligned with the increasing interest in plant-based nutrition, are a promising source for plant-based protein production. Ulva sp. and Cladophora sp. algae demonstrate potential as alternative protein sources and reservoirs of bioactive phenolic compounds from waste sources. This study pioneers further research in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries to contribute to sustainable water resource utilization.Öğe Assessing Algerian Ilex aquifolium L.’s phenolic compounds, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties to find a new natural remedy for Alzheimer’s, diabetes and skin diseases(Taylor & Francis, 2024) Hadroug, Aldjia; Zengin, Gökhan; Belhattab, Rachid; Çakmak, Yavuz SelimThis research explored the impact of methanolic extracts from the fruits and leaves of Ilex aquifolium L., a rare Algerian species, on several enzymes, focusing on tyrosinase, ?-amylase, ?-glucosidase, and cholinesterases, as well as their antioxidant potential in vitro assays, including phosphomolybdenum, DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, and MCA. HPLC-DAD analysis identified chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, hesperidin, and quercetin as predominant phenolic components. Both extracts exhibited notable antioxidant properties, up to 250.08?mg TE/g for fruits and 237.08?mg TE/g for leaf extracts. Enzyme inhibitory assays demonstrated significant inhibition against AChE and BChE with maximum activities of 2.34?mg GALAE/g in leaves and 4.32?mg GALAE/g in fruits. Additionally, considerable tyrosinase inhibition was observed in leaves at 39.69?mg KAE/g. These findings highlight I. aquifolium L. as a valuable source for investigating natural antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors, particularly for possible cosmetics and food additives applications.Öğe Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T and A1298C polymorphisms in Turkish postmenopausal women with osteoporosis(Taylor & Francis, 2024) Doğaner, Fulya; Soyocak, Ahu; Turgut Coşan, Didem; Özgen, Merih; Berkan, Funda; Şahin Mutlu, Fezan; Değirmenci, İrfan; Güneş, Hasan VeysiOsteoporosis is a common age-related skeletal disease, characterized by changes in the microarchitectural structure of bone tissue and decreased bone mass, especially affecting postmenopausal women. Genetic and environmental factors affecting bone metabolism play a role in the development of osteoporosis. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is an important enzyme involved in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Genetic variations in the MTHFR gene lead to impaired function or inactivation of this enzyme. A decrease in MTHFR enzyme activity and an increase in homocysteine levels affect bone metabolism. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and osteoporosis in Turkish postmenopausal women. DNA samples were extracted from 200 volunteers. The PCR-RFLP technique was used to identify the MTHFR gene polymorphisms C677T and A1298C. The statistical significance of the analysis’s results was assessed. C677T genotype and allele frequency distributions were not statistically different between postmenopausal osteoporosis and healthy control groups (p=0.249, p=0.754), while A1298C genotype and allele frequency distributions were found to be statistically significant (p=0.002, p=0.013). The results of our study showed that the A1298C polymorphism may be a genetic factor associated with osteoporosis in this specific population. However, the C677T polymorphism did not show a significant connection. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of osteoporosis, future research with larger sample sizes and the consideration of additional genetic and environmental factors is essential. Additionally, it is crucial to account for ethnic disparities, gene-gene interactions, and gene-environment interplays. These insights can inform the development of personalized preventive and therapeutic strategies for individuals at risk of osteoporosis in diverse populations.Öğe Mesoporous biosilica beads for controlled selenium nanoparticle delivery from collagen-chitosan scaffolds: promoting bone formation and suppressing prostate cancer growth(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Kaur, Kulwinder; Falgous, Lucie; Kamal, Nezar; Caffrey, David; Cavanagh, Brenton L.; Koç Bilican, Behlül; Kaya, Murat; Shvets, Igor; Curtin, Caroline M; Murphy, Ciara M.he controlled delivery of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) is promising for bone cancer treatment due to their dual benefits in bone regeneration and tumor inhibition, yet achieving an optimal dosing regimen remains challenging. Natural mesoporous biosilica (BS) beads have shown promise for drug delivery due to their microporous structure. This study explores incorporating BS beads into collagen-chitosan (Coll-CS) scaffolds, known for bone repair, to control Se-NP delivery. Two approaches are compared: loading Se-NPs into BS beads before integrating them into Coll-CS scaffolds versus directly loading Se-NPs into Coll-CS scaffolds. The scaffold properties, Se release kinetics, cytocompatibility, and effects on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) are evaluated. BS bead-loaded scaffolds provide controlled Se-NP release and enhanced mechanical properties compared to directly loaded scaffolds. Higher Se-NP concentrations in BS-loaded scaffolds effectively promote MSC osteogenic differentiation and mineralisation while inhibiting LNCaP cell viability. In contrast, low Se-NP concentrations not only induce early osteogenic differentiation but also promote cancer cell proliferation, underscoring the need for optimal Se-NP concentration and release. These findings suggest that BS bead-loaded Coll-CS scaffolds are a promising strategy for controlled Se-NP delivery, addressing the dual challenges of bone formation and cancer recurrence prevention in bone cancer treatment.Öğe Structural characteristics of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ACS5 exopolysaccharide in association with its antioxidant and antidiabetic activity in vitro(Elsevier B.V., 2024) İnanan, Tulden; Önal Darılmaz, Derya; Karaduman Yeşildal, Tuğçe; Yavuz, SerkanA novel structure of exopolysaccharide from the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ACS5, isolated from home-made Turkish cheese, is described. After lyophilization, the L-EPS-ACS5 was characterized in production and functional activities in vitro, including antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The physicochemical characterizations of the L-EPS-ACS5 were determined through molecular weight, UV, FTIR, SEM, TGA, HPLC, NMR, methylation, and GC–MS analysis. Strong antioxidant activities of L-EPS-ACS5 were confirmed from the results obtained in the hydroxyl radical, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, superoxide anion radical, total antioxidant activity, and DNA damage protective effect, and also the L-EPS-ACS5 exhibited high antidiabetic activity (60 %). This study isolated L-EPS-ACS5 from a home-made cheese L. rhamnosus strain, demonstrating its novel and enhanced functionalities compared to existing strains. This opens exciting avenues for its development in the fields of biomedicine and pharmaceuticals.Öğe Investigation of new potential uses of Menengiç (Pistacia terebinthus) for various areas(Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü, 2024) Aşan Özüsağlam, MeltemPistacia terebinthus has been used extensively in alternative medicine. on food-borne and clinical test microorganisms was obtained to determine a natural antimicrobial source. The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract on fish-originated pathogen bacteria was also determined for its potential use in the feed industry. In addition, the effect of the extract on the probiotic bacteria originating from breast milk was tested to obtain the potential use of the extract together with probiotic bacteria for the pharmaceutical and food industries. Antimicrobial activity was obtained by performing micro-dilution and macro-dilution assays as well as disc diffusion. Among the food-borne and clinical test microorganisms, the highest inhibition zone diameter (22.39 +/- 1.92 mm) was detected on Listeria monocytogenes. The highest antibacterial activity on the fish pathogens was recorded as 17.67 +/- 0 mm against Vibrio anguillarum A4. It was determined that P. terebinthus fruit extract had higher antimicrobial activity against some test microorganisms than Amikacin and Gentamicin antibiotics. Antifungal activity on Candida glabrata was also investigated by counting viable cells. At a concentration of 20 mg mL1, no viable cells were determined after 24 hours. The extract inhibited all the tested LAB, however, with low MIC and MBC values. The sun protection factor (SPF) of the extract and the extract+cream mixture at 10 mL concentration was recorded as 9.36 and 7.51. The results of the study indicated that P. terebinthus fruit ethanol extract can be an alternative as a natural additive in various industries such as feed, food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.Öğe Determination of the protective impact of hypericum perforatum extract against ovarian ischemia and reperfusion in rats(Aras Part Medical international Press, 2024) Bingöl, Seyit Ali; Yiğit, Serdar; Taşkın, Ergin; Kaçı, Fatma Necmiye; Yayla, Muhammed; Kılıç Baygutalp, Nurcan; Toktay, Erdem; Eyerci, Nilnur; Çılgın, HasanOvarian torsion is an important gynaecological emergency because it causes ischemia in ovary. Our aim is to research the effects of Hypericum perforatum on p53, TNF-alpha, CAT, SOD, GSH, PTEN and is haPI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in ovarian of rats with ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. Materials and Methods: The study included 56 adult female rats which were allocated to 7 groups; control, ischemia, ischemia 300HP, ischemia 600HP, I/R, I/R 300HP and I/R 600HP. H. perforatum was applied to ischemia 300HP, ischemia 600HP, I/R 300HP and I/R 600HP groups at the dose of 300 mg/kg or 600 mg/kg by oral gavage. Collected ovarian tissues were examined by light microscopy, biochemical and real -time PCR techniques. Results: In histological examination, the least degeneration was seen in 600HP group among other groups, apart from control group. TUNEL results showed that apoptosis level of other groups was lower than that of ischemia and I/R groups. CAT and GSH levels of I/R 600HP group increased. The highest level of PTEN and mTOR was found in the ischemia group. The Akt level was lower in I/R and I/R 300HP groups but its level was close to that of control and I/R 600HP groups. TNF-alpha and p53 mRNA expressions in I/R group were increased. Conclusions: The result of the study showed that H. perforatum (600 mg/kg) had an effect on tissue degeneration, CAT and GSH levels, and also TNF-alpha and p53 mRNA expressions levels. We suggest that H. perforatum can be considered as an agent to protect against tissues damage during ischemia reperfusion.Öğe An innovative approach to various industrial applications: the fingered citron(University of Pannonia, 2024) Taşbaşı, Hilal; Aşan Özüsağlam, MeltemThe fingered citron ( Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis ), which originates from India, has spread to different parts of the world over time. In opposition to the increasing resistance to traditional antimicrobial agents, the application of alternative treatments developed using herbs has recently gained interest. The aim of this study is to investigate alternative applications of the fingered citron in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. For this purpose, the antimicrobial activity of fingered citron leaf water extract (FCLWE) against test microorganisms was evaluated using a disk diffusion assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum cidal concentrations (bactericidal - MBC or fungicidal - MFC) of the extract were also determined. For FCLWE, among the pathogenic test microorganisms, Listeria monocytogenes strain ATCC 7644 and Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC 25923 showed the smallest and the largest inhibition zone diameters, with values of 7.06 and 11.57 mm, respectively. MIC and MBC or MFC values of FCLWE varied from 10 to 40 mu g/mu l. In addition, the sun protection factors (SPF) of FCLWE and a mixture of FCLWE and commercial sun creams at different concentrations were determined. The SPF value of FCLWE was found to be 25. The mixture of FCLWE and commercial sun cream at an amount of 10 ml yielded an SPF value of 12.26. Next, the biological activity of the cream formulation obtained with commercial cream, FCLWE and Limosilactobacillus fermentum MA -7 (cream -leaf water extract-probiotic - CWP) was investigated against test microorganisms using the well diffusion method. CWP exhibited inhibitory activity against L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 (2.56 mm), Candida glabrata RSKK 04019 (2.81 mm), C. albicans ATCC 10231 (4.54 mm) and S. aureus ATCC 25923 (5.00 mm). It was observed that the cream formulation of CWP increased the diameters of the inhibition zone by creating a synergistic effect against all pathogenic test microorganisms. FCLWE may potentially be used as an alternative natural additive to chemical preservatives in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.Öğe A non-immunotoxic exopolysaccharide with anticancer effect in colorectal cancer isolated from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ACS5 strain(Elsevier, 2024) Kadıoğlu, İlayda Selcen; Karaduman Yeşildal, TuğçeRecent studies demonstrated the potential of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by LAB (lactic acid bacteria), to be used in different fields. In our study, L-EPS-ACS5 from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ACS5 strain isolated from Ayval & imath;k Cunda Sepet Cheese, one of the traditional cheeses of Turkey, showed antiproliferative effect in a timedependent manner in human colon cancer (HT -29) cell line compared to healthy control line (L929). This effect was also confirmed by colony formation analysis. Apoptotic changes were investigated at molecular level using qPCR, Western blot and it was determined that the relevant L-EPS induced apoptosis by increasing Bax , Caspase 3 , and 9 expression while reducing the Bcl-2 expression. These changes were confirmed by observations done at nuclear and cellular morphology level using a fluorescence microscope (Hoescht 33258) and TEM. In addition, the immunostimulatory activity of the relevant L-EPS was evaluated in terms of proliferation, phagocytosis ability and nitric oxide (NO) production parameters in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The increase in proliferative activity was not significant, and in parallel with these results, the differences in the control and application groups as a result of ' phagocytic activity and NO production analyzes ' were also not significant. However, L-EPS-ACS5 did not show immunotoxic/cytotoxic activity in macrophage cells (% viability >70). All these cellular and molecular evidences indicate that L-EPS-ACS5 may be a good alternative to synthetic anticancer agents with its anticancer effect and non-immunotoxic properties in colorectal cancer.Öğe Transdermal delivery system to release phthalocyanine photosensitizers for the potential treatment of skin cancer with PDT(TUBITAK, 2024) Çamur Demir, Meryem; Kurşun Baysak, Fatma; Boyar, Caner Yahya; Toksoy, Alihan; Algı, FatihThis research aims to examine the transdermal release of water-soluble indium and zinc metallo phthalocyanine (InPc and ZnPc) compounds from the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membrane and the cytotoxicity effect of these Pcs on normal mouse fibroblasts (L929 fibroblast) and human melanoma (SK-MEL-30) cells. For this purpose, the effects of temperature, pH, drug concentration and membrane thickness on transdermal release were investigated in order to obtain the optimum transdermal release profile by preparing PVA membranes with different thicknesses and crosslinked by heat treatment. Optimum drug release was found to be 85.36% using 6 µm thick PVA membrane at 37 ± 0.5 °C, when upper cell pH 1.2 and lower cell pH 5.5, for 3 mg/mL InPc drug concentration. Under the same conditions, the drug release value for ZnPc was found to be 69.78%. In addition, in vitro studies were performed on L929 and SK-MEL-30 cells. under optimized drug (InPc and ZnPc) and membrane conditions. It was found that no significant cytotoxic effect was observed in L929 and SK-MEL-30 cells in the dark. Photodynamic tests were also carried out with InPc and ZnPc. The results show that cell viability decreases in SK-MEL-30 cells at concentrations of 10 µg/mL and above. In addition, while the InPc IC50 value was determined as 4.058 µg/mL, this value was determined as 11.574 µg/mL for ZnPc.Öğe Formulating edible films with red pitahaya extract and probiotic(Kemerovo State University, 2024) Aşan Özüsağlam, Meltem; Çelik, İremPreventing food spoilage and prolonging its shelf life are of great importance to meet the increasing food demand. Dietary fibers in red pitahaya are known to help maintain food freshness. Lactic acid bacteria have probiotic properties and can be a good alternative to additives in food production. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential use of gum-based edible films containing red pitahaya extract and probiotic as a coating material in the food industry. Firstly, we determined the antimicrobial activity of red pitahaya peel and flesh extracts against pathogenic microorganisms and probiotic strains. Then, we employed the well diffusion method to determine the antimicrobial activity of the edible films containing red pitahaya extracts and Limosilactobacillus fermentum MA-7 used as a probiotic strain. The largest inhibition zone diameters of peel and flesh extracts were 12.97 and 13.32 mm, respectively, against Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The inhibition of the growth of lactic acid bacteria was lower as the extract concentration decreased. The gum-based films with flesh extract and probiotic had the largest inhibition zone diameters of 21.63 and 21.52 mm, respectively, against Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC19570 and C. albicans ATCC 10231. The edible films containing red pitahaya extract and L. fermentum MA-7 may have the potential to prevent spoilage caused by microorganisms in the food industry and to extend the shelf life of foods.Öğe Characterization of chitin and description of its antimicrobial properties obtained from Cydalima perspectalis adults(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Kılcı, Leyla; Altun, Nurver; Karaoğlu, Şengül Alpay; Karaduman Yeşildal, TuğçeChitin is the most abundant biopolymer group after cellulose and forms the exoskeleton of arthropods, the largest animal group. The morphology of chitin differs between and within species. In this study, we determined the physicochemical and biological activity of chitin samples obtained from different body parts of the boxwood moth Cydalima perspectalis for its application as a biotechnological material. The collected chitin samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and elemental analysis. FTIR confirms that the isolation of chitin is successful. The SEM results showed that the surface morphology of the obtained chitins was both fibrous and porous and had a rough surface. As a result of the elemental analysis, the %N values of chitins were calculated as 6.60 on average, and the values were shown to be close to each other. We also investigated the biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties of these chitin samples. We used L929 (mouse fibroblast) cells to perform indirect cytotoxicity experiments and investigated their viability by performing the MTT assay. Our findings showed that the samples had no cytotoxic effect on the L929 cells at 24, 48, and 72 h. The cytotoxic study showed that Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, and Candida albican fungi adhered to chitin surfaces regarding biofilm production. The chitin contents were determined as 21.02% for the head, 5.74% for the body, 32.22% for the wing, 33.53% for the legs, and 2.65% for the pupal shell. Chitin is a material with high potential for use in various fields. Our findings suggested that Cydalima perspectalis can be used as an alternative source of chitin in biomedical application.Öğe Linden-based mucilage biodegradable films: A green perspective on functional and sustainable food packaging(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Koç Bilican, BehlülThis study focuses on the utilization of linden mucilage, extracted from the linden tree, as a potential natural polymer source for the production of composite films. The films, which incorporating linden water extract, essential oil, and oil, exhibited improved thermal stability, surface morphology, and water resistance. Biodegradability assessments, particularly for films using essential oil and oil, showed promising outcomes by maintaining structural integrity. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated significant resistance against pathogens, indicating potential applications requiring microbial resistance. Mechanical analyses revealed a trade-off between tensile strength and elongation at break with addition of components. Composite films exhibited reduced water vapor permeability which correlate with water solubility and contact angle measurements. Soil biodegradation studies highlighted the films' potential to mitigate environmental impact. Cytotoxicity tests confirmed the safety of these films for potential food applications. Additionally, antioxidant assays showed increased radical scavenging activity in films with added components. In conclusion, linden-based composite films exhibit promising characteristics, suggesting their potential as sustainable and functional materials, particularly for use in food packaging.Öğe Fabrication of silver nanoparticles decorated on sodium alginate microbeads enriched with keratin and investigation of its catalytic and antioxidant activity(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Çakmak, EmelIn this study, an environmentally friendly, effective, easily synthesizable and recoverable nano-sized catalyst system (Ag@NaAlg-keratin) was designed by decorating Ag nanoparticles on microbeads containing sodium alginate (NaAlg) and keratin obtained from goose feathers. The structure, morphology and crystallinity of the Ag@NaAlg-keratin nanocatalyst were evaluated by XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDS/EDS mapping and TEM analyses. Catalytic ability of designed Ag@NaAlg-keratin nanocatalyst was then investigated against 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and methyl orange (MO) reductions. Ag@NaAlg-keratin nanocatalyst effectively reduced 4-NP in 6 min and MO in 5 min, with rate constants of 0.17 min?1 and 0.16 min?1, respectively. Additionally, activation energies (Ea) were found as 39.8 kJ/mol for 4-NP and 37.9 kJ/mol for MO. Performed recyclability tests showed that the Ag@NaAlg-keratin nanocatalyst was easily recovered due to its microbead form and successfully reused five times, maintaining both its activity and structure. Furthermore, antioxidant activity of Ag@NaAlg-keratin nanocatalyst was the highest (73.16 %).Öğe Removing the uncertainty of chitin structure in chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora: Chitonida)(Elsevier GmbH, 2024) Koç Bilican, Behlül; Çakmak, EmelChitons, also known as "living fossils", have been proposed as one of the earliest differentiated groups of molluscs. Although Polyplacophora is an ancient group of molluscs, very few studies have been conducted on the chitin of these organisms compared tobivalves, gastropods and cephalopods. The few available studies have provided contradictory results regarding the present chitin types, depending on the examined body parts. Herein, to solve this controversy, we studied the chitin from valve, girdle and radula of a chiton species by protecting the 3D structure of the body parts. Results obtained using infrared spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric analysis clearly showed chitons contain ?-chitin in the girdle and valve; however, the signal detected for the type of chitin contained in the chiton radula appears to be ?-chitin. In addition, chitin content of the whole chiton body on dry basis was recorded as 22.78%.Öğe Carbamazepine Adsorption onto Giant Macroporous Silica and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System Modeling(Springer Nature, 2024) Alver, Alper; Yılmaz, Bahar Akyüz; Bilican, Behlül Koç; Baştürk, Emine; Kaya, Murat; Işık, MustafaThere is an imperative need to eliminate pharmaceutical residues from aquatic environments due to their hazardous properties, including toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity, particularly when present in water sources. Conventional water treatment methods have proven insufficient in addressing nano-pollutants such as pharmaceutical residues. Consequently, the ongoing quest for economically viable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly removal mechanisms persists. In this particular study, we employed Giant Macroporous Silica (GMS) derived from marine sponges as a promising biosorbent. GMS exhibits commendable characteristics, including a high specific surface area, swift mass transfer capabilities, and non-discriminatory adsorption qualities. The efficacy of GMS in adsorbing carbamazepine (CBZ), a common drug residue, was scrutinized under diverse experimental conditions, including a sorbate/sorbent ratio ranging from 0.005 to 1.500 weight ratio, contact times spanning from 0 to 240 min, and initial pH values ranging from 5 to 9. Remarkably, at a concentration of 1000 µg L?1, GMS demonstrated an attractive adsorption rate (98.88%) of carbamazepine at pH 7.07, within 90 min. To enhance our understanding, we developed an ANFIS model utilizing the experimental parameters as inputs. The developed model exhibited a high correlation coefficient of 0.9944% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.6693, indicating its dependability in accurately predicting the adsorption of CBZ on GMS. The results of our study highlight the efficacy of GMS in adsorbing CBZ, suggesting its considerable potential for adsorbing other pharmaceutical residues and nano-pollutants.Öğe Genetic Diversity of Pelophylax cerigensis-like Populations on the Anatolian Mainland in Türkiye (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae)(Bingöl Üniversitesi, 2023) Akın Pekşen, Çiğdem; Çakmak, EmelGenetic diversity is increasingly used as a vital component in planning appropriate conservation strategies. Water frogs in the eastern Mediterranean consist of several endemic species. The Critically Endangered Karpathos water frog (Pelophylax cerigensis) is one such species, restricted to Karpathos Island, but recently P. cerigensis specific haplotypes were also found in Rhodes and southwestern Türkiye. Since geologically Karpathos and Rhodes have been separated from the Anatolian mainland millions years ago, the genetic diversity of P. cerigensis-like populations on the Anatolian mainland are not known. Here, we aim to evaluate the genetic diversity of this mainland populations (N=52) in southwestern Anatolia by using 5 polymorphic microsatellite loci. According to results, a total of 38 alleles which five loci exhibited a moderate level of genetic diversity (observed heterozygosity, HO=0.423). The population has not gone through a bottleneck anytime soon; however, signs of inbreeding were determined (Fıs=0.401). Due to restricted occurrence from Antalya to Aydın provinces in southwestern Türkiye and a moderate level of genetic diversity, they should be considered a third Management Unit (MU) of P. cerigensis populations in addition to previous Karpathos and Rhodes MUs. This approach is very crucial to formulate suitable management strategies for conservation of these threatened populations.
