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1926 Müfredatına göre yazılan eşya dersleri kitaplarının eğitsel ve görsel tasarım yönünden analizi
(Journal of TUSED, 2013) Tunç, Tuncay; Tuğluoğlu, Fatih
Ders Kitapları geçmişte olduğu gibi günümüzde de eğitim öğretim faaliyetlerinde öğrencilere yardımcı araç- gereçlerden en önemlisidir. Bir ders kitabı eğitim programlarında belirlenen amaç ve hedefler doğrultusunda benimsenen öğretim yaklaşımı ve eğitimsel ölçütlere uygun olarak hazırlanmış ve öğrenme amaçlı kullanılan öğretim materyalidir. Bununla birlikte ders kitapları dönemin eğitim anlayışının yanında sosyo-kültürel yapısı ile bilim ve teknolojisi hakkında da bizlere bilgi verir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında ülkemizde okutulan fen bilgisi kitaplarının özelliklerini tespit ederek, o günden bu yana öğrenme-öğretme teorileri, ölçme-değerlendirme metotları, kitapların hazırlanmasında kullanılan görsel ve tasarım ilkeleri ile baskı teknolojilerindeki değişimi belirlemektir. Bu çalışma için 1926 ilkmektep Müfredat Programına göre Ebulmuhsin Kemal, Naime Halit ve Harun Reşit tarafından yazılan ve ülkemiz ilkokullarının beşinci sınıflarında okutulan üç farklı Eşya Dersleri kitabı birinci elden resmi belgelere ulaşılarak elde edilmiştir. Araştırma bir kitap inceleme çalışması örneği olarak doküman incelemesi yöntemine göre yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre 1926 Eşya Dersleri programı, deney ve tecrübelere önem vererek, öğrencilerin yaparak, yaşayarak ve düşünerek öğrenme etkinliklerine katılmaları gerektiğini vurgulanmıştır. Ders kitaplarının ise o zamanın şartlarına göre iyi sayılabilecek düzeyde resim içerdiği, öğrencilerin derslerde öğrendiği kavramların günlük hayattaki uygulama örneklerini verdiği ancak ölçme değerlendirme teknikleri ve eğitsel tasarım açısından zayıf olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
2-[(2E)-2-(3-chloro-2-fluorobenzylidene)hydrazinyl]pyridine: Synthesis, spectroscopic, structural properties, biological activity and theoretical analysis
(Elsevier, 2021) Özçelik, Nefise; Tunç, Tuncay; Çelik, Raziye Çatak; Erzengin, Mahmut; Özışık, Hacı
The newly synthesized hydrazone derivative: 2 [(2E)-2-(3-chloro-2-fluorobenzylidene)hydrazinyl] pyridine was synthesized. The characterization of the title compound was carried out by elemental analysis, FT-IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and UV-VIS measurements. The crystal structure was determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. In addition, the title compound was also subjected to its possible antioxidant activity with free radical scavenging ability of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals using 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-toluene (BHT) as standard antioxidant. The theoratical structural calculations were carried out by the density functional theory using the B3LYP method with 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis set. The theoretical and experimental results obtained were examined and compared.
4-Methyl morpholinium bis-(thio)barbiturates: Synthesis, structure, anticancer evaluation, and CoMFA study
(Chinese Chemical Society Taiwan, 2020) Noroozi Pesyan, Nader; Rashidnejad, Hamid; Safari, Elnaz; Tunç, Tuncay; Alilou, Mostafa; Safavi-Sohi, Reihaneh; Şahin, Ertan; Esmaeili, Mohammad Ali
The reaction of symmetrical (thio)barbituric acids with aldehydes in the presence of 4-methyl morpholine yielded a new form of 4-methyl morpholinium bis-(thio)barbiturate containing charge-separated intermolecular and eight-membered intramolecular H-bonds. X-ray Crystallography, FT-IR, and 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy techniques were used for structure characterizations. Some of these compounds showed potent anticancer activities. Cytotoxicity of the synthetic compounds against HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines were performed by MTT assay. In addition, a comparative molecular field analysis was carried out, and the effects of substituents on the biological activities of these compounds were explained.
4-Methylmorpholinium bis-(thio)barbiturates: Synthesis, structure, anticancer evaluation, andCoMFAstudy
(Wiley-VCH, 2020) Pesyan, Nader Noroozi; Rashidnejad, Hamid; Esmaeili, Mohammad Ali; Safari, Elnaz; Tunç, Tuncay; Alilou, Mostafa; Safavi-Sohi, Reihaneh; Şahin, Ertan
The reaction of symmetrical (thio)barbituric acids with aldehydes in the presence of 4-methyl morpholine yielded a new form of 4-methyl morpholinium bis-(thio)barbiturate containing charge-separated intermolecular and eight-membered intramolecularH-bonds. X-ray Crystallography, FT-IR, and(1)H and(13)C-NMR spectroscopy techniques were used for structure characterizations. Some of these compounds showed potent anticancer activities. Cytotoxicity of the synthetic compounds against HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines were performed by MTT assay. In addition, a comparative molecular field analysis was carried out, and the effects of substituents on the biological activities of these compounds were explained.
4-{[4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene]-amino}benzenesulfonamide
(International Union of Crystallography, 2014) Durgun, Mustafa; Türkmen, Hasan; Tunç, Tuncay; Hökelek, Tuncer
The title Schiff base compound, C15H17N 3O2S, is non-planar with a dihedral angle of 69.88 (4)° between the planes of the benzene rings. In the crystal, pairs of N-H?N hydrogen bonds, between the sulfonamide nitrogen-H atom and the azomethine N atom, link the molecules into inversion dimers, forming R 2 2(16) ring motifs. These dimers are linked by N-H?O hydrogen bonds, between the sulfonamide nitrogen-H atom and one sulfonamide O atom, forming sheets lying parallel to (100). Within the sheets there are weak parallel slipped ?-? interactions involving inversion-related benzenesulfonamide rings [centroid-centroid distance = 3.8800 (9) Å; normal distance = 3.4796 (6) Å; slippage = 1.717 Å].
A highly selective and sensitive chemosensor derived coumarin-thiazole for colorimetric and fluorimetric detection of CN- ion in DMSO and aqueous solution: synthesis, sensing ability, Pd(II)/Pt(II) complexes and theoretical studies
(Pergamon-Elsevier, 2016) Şahin, Ömer; Özdemir, Ümmühan Özmen; Seferoğlu, Nurgül; Aydiner, Burcu; Sarı, Musa; Tunç, Tuncay; Seferoğlu, Zeynel
A colorimetric and fluorescence turn-on cyanide probe, including coumarin-thiazole and imine (azomethine) group, has been designed and synthesized. It showed an immediate visible color change from yellow to deep red only in DMSO, and an appearance of strong yellow and green fluorescence when CN- was added to DMSO, and a mixture of DMSO:H2O (9:1), respectively. Thus, the sensor can be used to detect CN- in aqueous solution. The sensing mechanism of chemosensor 4 reactions with CN- ion was observed with the deprotonation and addition mechanisms at the same time. The mechanisms of reactions of chemosensor 4 with; CN-, F-, and AcO- were examined using H-1 NMR spectroscopy, and were also theoretically supported by DFT and TD-DFT calculations. In addition, the metal complexes of chemosensor 4 with Pd(II) and Pt(II) were also synthesized and all the synthesized compounds were characterized using general spectroscopic methods (FTIR, H-1/C-13 NMR, and mass spectrometry), magnetic susceptibilities, and conductivity measurements. Also, the molecular structure of 4 was determined using single crystal X-ray analysis. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A novel proton transfer salt of 2-amino-6-sulfamoylbenzothiazole and its metal complexes: the evaluation of their inhibition effects on human cytosolic carbonic anhydrases
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) Alkaya, Zeynep Alkan; İlkimen, Halil; Yenikaya, Cengiz; Kaygısız, Yasemin; Bülbül, Metin; Tunç, Tuncay; Sarı, Musa
A novel proton transfer compound (SMHABT) (+)(HDPC)(-) (1) obtained from 2-amino-6-sulfamoylbenzothiazole (SMABT) and 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (H2DPC) and its Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) complexes (2-4), and Fe(II) complex of SMABT (5) have been prepared and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Additionally, single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques were applied to complexes (2-4). All complexes (2-4) have distorted octahedral conformations and the structure of 5 might be proposed as octahedral according to spectral and analytical results. All compounds, including acetazolamide (AAZ) as the control compound, were also evaluated for their in vitro inhibition effects on human hCA I and hCA II for their hydratase and esterase activities. The synthesized compounds have remarkable inhibitory activities on hCA I and hCA II. Especially, the inhibition potentials of the salt and the metal complexes (1-5) are comparable with AAZ. Inhibition data have been analyzed by using a one-way analysis of variance for multiple comparisons (p < .0001).
Anomalous peak in the forward-bias C-V plot and temperature-dependent behavior of Au/PVA (Ni,Zn-doped)/n-Si(111) structures
(Springer, 2011) Tunç, Tuncay; Altındal, Şemsettin; Dökme, İlbilge; Uslu, Habibe
In this study, the temperature-dependent mean density of interface states (N(SS)) and series resistance (R(S)) profiles of Au/PVA (Ni,Zn-doped)/n-Si(111) structures are determined using current-voltage (I-V) and admittance spectroscopy [capacitance-voltage (C-V) and conductance-voltage G/omega-V] methods. The other main electronic parameters such as zero-bias barrier height (Phi(B0)), ideality factor (n), and doping concentration (N(D)) are also obtained as a function of temperature. Experimental results show that the values of Phi(B0), n, R(S), and N(SS) are strongly temperature dependent. The values of Phi(B0) and R(S) increase with increasing temperature, while those of n and N(SS) decrease. The C-V plots of Au/PVA (Ni,Zn-doped)/n-Si(111) structures exhibit anomalous peaks in forward bias (depletion region) at each temperature, and peak positions shift towards negative bias with increasing temperature. The peak value of C has been found to be strongly dependent on N(SS), R(S), and temperature. The experimental data confirm that the values of N(SS), R(S), temperature, and the thickness and composition of the interfacial polymer layer are important factors that influence the main electrical parameters of the device.
Aquabis(3-chlorobenzoato-?O)bis(N,N-diethylnicotinamide-?N) copper(II)
(2013) Bozkurt, Nihat; Tunç, Tuncay; Çaylak Delibaş, Nagihan; Necefoğlu, Hacali; Hökelek, Tuncer
The title compound, [Cu(C7H4ClO2)2(C10H14N2O)2(H2O)], has twofold symmetry with the CuII cation and the O atom of the coordinating water molecule located on the axis. The CuII cation is coordinated by two carboxylate O atoms of chlorobenzoate (CB) anions, two N atoms of N,N-diethylnicotinamide (DENA) ligands and one water molecule in a distorted N2O3 square-pyramidal geometry. The benzene and pyridine rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 82.51 (6)°. In the anionic ligand, the carboxylate group is twisted away from the attached benzene ring by 12.85 (11)°. In the crystal, O - H?O hydrogen bonds between the coordinating water molecule and the carboxyl group link the complex molecules into supramolecular chains running along the c-axis direction.
Bilimsel süreç becerileri bağlamında geçmiş Türk fen programlarının karşılaştırmalı incelenmesi
(Journal of TUSED, 2013) Altınok, Mehmet Ali; Tunç, Tuncay
Bu araştırma Cumhuriyet döneminden günümüze kadar uygulanan 1926, 1936,1948, 1968 (4 ve 5. sınıf) ve 2004 fen dersleri öğretim programlarının Bilimsel süreç becerileri yönünden analiz edilip karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesini amaçlamıştır. Bu araştırmada nitel araştırmada veri toplama yöntemlerinden biri olan doküman incelenmesine başvurulmuş olup kullanılan veriler Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı tarafından ilgili dönemlerde uygulanan fen dersleri programları aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre 2004 programına yeni bir kavram olarak eklenen bilimsel süreç becerilerinden bazılarının 1926, 1936, 1948, 1968 ilkokul programlarının içeriğinde de yer aldığı ve 2004 programındaki kazanımlarla benzer özellikler gösterdiği görülmüştür. Bu araştırmada da görüldüğü gibi her yeni program kendisinden öncekilere dayalıdır ve toplumun sosyo-ekonomik yapısının yanında eğitim alanındaki yeniliklere göre şekillenmektedir.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Synthesis, characterization and inhibition activities of furan sulfonylhydrazones against carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I)
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Balaban Gündüzalp, Ayla; Parlakgümüş, Gökhan; Uzun, Demet; Özmen, Ümmühan Özdemir; Özbek, Neslihan; Sarı, Musa; Tunç, Tuncay
The methane sulfonic acide hydrazide (1) was used to obtain furan sulfonylhydrazones; 2acetylfuranmethanesulfonylhydrazone (2), 2-furaldehydemethanesulfonylhydrazone (3), 5-nitro-2furaldehydemethanesulfonylhydrazone (4). The structures of furan sulfonylhydrazones were determined by using elemental analysis, FT-IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and UV vis methods. The structure of 5nitro-2-furaldehydemethanesulfonylhydrazone (4) was also supported with X-ray difraction method and found that compound 4 was crystallized in triclinic, space group PT. In order to gain insight into the structure of the compounds, we performed computational studies by using 6-311G(d,p) basic set in which B3LYP correlation function was implemented. The geometry of the sulfonylhydrazones were optimized at DFT method with Gaussian 09 program package and the global reactivity descriptors were also calculated by this basic set. The enzyme inhibition activities of the sulfonylhydrazones were investigated on carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I) isoenzyme and their activity parameters (Km, IC50 and Ki) were calculated by spectrophotometric method. And also, their inhibitor effects were also investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods. Inhibition results show that compound 4 containing electron withdrawing group (NO2) has higher inhibition effect on hCA I isoenzyme than other's.
Catena-Poly[[aquabis(3-chlorobenzoato-K2 O,O')cadmium]-µ-N,N-diethylnicotinamide-K2 N 1:O]
(2013) Bozkurt, Nihat; Tunç, Tuncay; Çaylak Delibaş, Nagihan; Necefoglu, Hacali; Hökelek, Tuncer
In the crystal of the title CdII polymeric complex, [Cd(C7H4ClO2)2(C10H14N2O)(H2O)] n , the CdII cation is chelated by two chlorobenzoate anions and coordinated by two N,N-diethylnicotinamide (DENA) ligands and one water molecule in a distorted NO6 pentagonal-bipyramidal geometry. The CdII cations are bridged by the pyridine N atom and carbonyl O atom of the DENA ligand to form a polymeric chain running along the b axis. Intermolecular O - H?O hydrogen bonds between coordinating water molecules and carboxylate groups link adjacent chains into layers parallel to the bc plane. ?-? contacts between benzene rings [shortest centroid-centroid distance = 3.912 (2) Å] further stabilizes the crystal structure. In the molecule, weak C - H?O hydrogen bonds occur between the pyridine ring and carboxylate groups; the dihedral angles between the carboxylate groups and adjacent benzene rings are 4.6 (3) and 12.8 (3)°, while the benzene rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 1.89 (13)°.
Comparative experimental and theoretical studies of N-(4-ethylbenzylidene)-N'-(2-carboxyphenyl) hydrazine novel Schiff base
(Pergamon - Elsevier Science, 2014) Tunç, Tuncay; Tezcan, Habibe; Sağlam, Semran; Özçelik, Nefise
In this work, N-(4-Methylbenzylidene)-N'-(2-carboxyphenyl) hydrazine, C15H14N2O2, Schiff base molecule has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray determination. The molecule of the title compound adopt an E configuration about the azomethine C=N double bond. The benzene and phenyl rings are planar and the dihedral angle between the planes is 7.2(2)degrees. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular O-H...O and intramoleculer N-H. ...O hydrogen bonding interactions. X-ray diffraction analyses show that, N-(4-Methylbenzylidene)-N'-(2-carboxyphenyl) hydrazine Schiff base molecule crystallizes in the monoclinic system, P2(1)/c space group, a = 4.392(5) angstrom, b = 22.340(5) angstrom, c = 13.528(5) angstrom, beta = 92.882(5), V= 1325.7(16) angstrom(3), Z= 4. The conformational analysis of N-(4-Methylbenzylidene)-N'-(2-carboxyphenyl) hydrazine was performed by the density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP method using the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Also, theoretical values of FTIR and UV-Vis were performed by the same method. The calculated geometry parameters, IR and UV-Vis results were compared with experimental results.
Corrigendum to "Polybrominated methoxy- and hydroxynaphthalenes" [Turkish Journal of Chemistry 40 (2) 2016 332-346 ]
(TÜBİTAK, 2024) Berkil Akar, Kıymet; Çakmak, Osman; Tunç, Tuncay
This corrigendum is to address an issue regarding the manuscript’s previous publication. The authors have regrettably noticed that the incorrect version of the figure and crystal data was used in the original published version of this paper. To rectify this oversight and ensure the accuracy of the published work, the correct figure and data are included for your reference.
Crystal structure of 4,4'-bipyridine-1,1'-diium naphthalene-2,6-disulfonate dihydrate
(International Union of Crystallography, 2014) Çevik, Sabri; Sarı, Musa; Sarı, Murat; Tunç, Tuncay
The title hydrated molecular organic salt, C10H10N22+C10H6O6S22-2H2O, crystallized with half a bipyridinium cation, half a naphthalene-2,6-disulfonate anion and a water molecule in the asymmetric unit. The whole cation and anion are generated by inversion symmetry, the inversion centers being at the center of the bridging C - C bond of the cation, and at the center of the fused C - C bond of the naphthalene group of the anion. In the crystal, the anions and cations stack alternately along the a axis with ?-? interactions [inter-centroid distance = 3.491 (1) Å]. The anions are linked via O - O(sulfonate) hydrogen bonds involving two inversion-related water molecules, forming chains along [10-1]. These chains are bridged by bifurcated N - (O,O) hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional framework structure. There are also C - O hydrogen bonds present, reinforcing the framework structure.
Crystal structure of 4-({5-[(E)-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-diazenyl]-2-hydroxybenzylidene}amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl
(INT Union Crystallography, 2015) Tatsız, Ramazan; Kasumov, Veli T.; Tunç, Tuncay; Hökelek, Tuncer
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C22H25F2N4O2, contains two crystallographically independent molecules. In one molecule, the two benzene rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 1.93 (10)degrees and in the other molecule the corresponding dihedral angle is 7.19 (9)degrees. The piperidine rings in the two molecules adopt a similar distorted chair conformation, and both have pseudomirror planes passing through the N-O bonds. An intramolecular O-H center dot center dot center dot N hydrogen bond between the hydroxy group and the imine N atom is observed in both molecules. In the crystal, weak C-H center dot center dot center dot O and C-H center dot center dot center dot F hydrogen bonds, enclosing R-2(2)(6) ring motifs, and weak pi-pi stacking interactions link the molecules into a three-dimensional supramolecular network, with centroid-to-centroid distances between the nearly parallel phenyl and benzene rings of adjacent molecules of 3.975 (2) and 3.782 (2) angstrom.
Cumhuriyetten günümüze ortaokul fen dersleri öğretim programlarında yer alan fizik konularının karşılaştırılmalı incelenmesi
(Aksaray Üniversitesi, 2020) Kalkan, Özlem; Tunç, Tuncay
Fen dersleri, farklı adlarla yer almış olsa bile Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin ilk programı olan 1924 programından beri tüm ilkokul ve ortaokul programlarında yer almıştır. Bu araştırmada Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nden günümüze kadar uygulanan 1924, 1931, 1938, 1949, 1977, 1992, 2000, 2005, 2013 ve 2018 ortaokul Fen dersleri programlarında yer alan fizik konuları karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Bu araştırmada nitel araştırmada veri toplama yöntemlerinden biri olan doküman incelenmesine başvurulmuş olup veriler 1924-2018 yılları arasında okutulan ortaokul Fen dersleri programlarından elde edilmiştir. Bu veriler tablolar yardımıyla sunulmuş ve konular karşılaştırmalı olarak tartışılmıştır. Araştırma sonunda fizik konularının Cumhuriyet tarihinin ilk, ortaokul programı olan 1924 Programı’ndan beri fen programlarının içinde önemli ölçüde yer aldığı tespit edilmiştir. Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nden günümüze kadar uygulanmış olan programlar içinde 2005 programı, en kapsamlı ve en gelişmiş program özelliği taşımaktadır. 2005 programında kazanımlar ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmış, örnek etkinliklere ve çözümlü örneklere yer verilmiştir. Fizik konularının içeriği açısından en ağır ve yoğun programın 1992 programı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte kuvvet-hareket ve elektrik ile ilgili fizik konularına bütün programlarda yer verilirmiştir. Isı ve sıcaklık ile ilgili konulara 2000, ışık ve ses ile ilgili konulara ise 1931 ve 2000 programlarında yer verilmemiştir.
Diels-Alder reactions: The effects of catalyst on the addition reaction
(Elsevier, 2015) Yılmaz, Özgür; Şimşek Kuş, Nermin; Tunç, Tuncay; Şahin, Ertan
The reaction between 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and dimethyl 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-2,3-dicarboxylate is efficiently achieved with small amounts of catalyst, i.e. phenol, AcOH, nafion, and beta-cyclodextrin. Exo-diastereoselective cycloaddition reactions were observed both without catalyst and different catalysts for 48 days. As a result, different products (tricyclicmolecule 5, retro-Diels-Alder product 6, and oxidation product 7) were obtained with different catalysts. In addition, we synthesized Diels-Alders product 8 and tricyclocyclitol 10 via Diels-Alder reaction. The structures of these products were characterized by H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, MS and IR spectroscopy. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Enhancement of Dielectric Characteristics of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) ınterfacial layer in Au/PVA/n-Si structures by Bi2O3 disperse
(Wiley-Blackwell, 2013) Gökçen, Muharrem; Tunç, Tuncay
Dielectric characteristics such as dielectric constant (epsilon), dielectric loss (epsilon), dielectric loss tangent (tan) and real and imaginary parts of electrical modulus (M and M), and ac electrical conductivity (sigma(ac)) of Au/ Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) (Bi2O3-dispersed)/n-Si structures have been investigated by using admittance measurements. Results show that the epsilon values of Au/PVA/n-Si with Bi2O3-dispersed PVA interfacial layer are very higher compared with those with pure and other dopant/mixture's of PVA. Thus, PVA is made very compatible for device applications with the enhanced dielectric properties by Bi2O3 disperse and its native very high dielectric strength.
Evaluation of 8 th grade primary school science and technology book set
(Sila Science, 2012) Tunç, Tuncay
This research is an evaluation of the new curriculum in line with the teachers' views on the applicability of the 8 th grade primary school science and technology textbook set. For this end, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with science and technology teachers. In addition, findings of the research conducted by Board of Education, General Directors of Primary Education, and Research and Development Office of Ministry of National Education with the stakeholders of the abovementioned reform by putting forth the new approaches in the related curriculum and the textbook. The research revealed that the textbooks are effective in providing the students a scientific studying method, the students' motivation is effective in establishing the links between the topics and daily life, and that the evaluation of the process is an important development other than the measurement and evaluation results. Moreover, it was determined that the class hours are insufficient due to the amount of activities and the topics, crowded classrooms and scarce laboratory environment cause difficulties in applying the activities, and that the teachers are unsatisfactory in terms of the alternative measurement and evaluation techniques.

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