Kaçarlar devrinde meclis’in topa tutulması hadisesi (1908)
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2023
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
XVIII. ve XIX. yüzyıllar dünya tarihinin en çalkantılı dönemlerinden biridir. Bu yüzyıllarda, İran’da, çağdaş ülkenin, İran’ın yapısını temelden değiştiren, Kaçar hanedanı hüküm sürdü ve bu dönemde çeşitli siyasi-sosyal gelişimler meydana geldi. Feth Ali Şah döneminde, Kaçarlar ile Çarlık Rusya arasında meydana gelen savaşlarda Kaçar Devleti’nin başarısızlıkları, devlet adamlarının eksikliğini ortaya çıkardı. Meydana gelen değişimler geleneksel yaşam tarzını sürdüren Kaçarlar ve komşusu durumda bulunan Osmanlı Devleti’ni modernleşmeye zorladı. Hatta siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik alanda gerçekleşen bu değişimler iki devleti dönemin büyük güçleri ile ilişkilerini geliştirmeye mecbur bıraktı. Kaçar ve Osmanlı Devleti tarihleri, muhtelif etkenlerden dolayı iç meselelerde hemen hemen aynı kaderi paylaşmışlardı. İki devletin yaşadığı benzer süreçlerden birisi de meşrutiyetin ilanıdır. Kaçar Devleti’nin başına geçen Muzaffereddin Şah, istemeyerek de olsa meşrutiyet fermanını imzalamıştı. Yeni düzende halk, milletvekillerini seçebilecek ve meclis faaliyette bulunabilecekti. Ancak meşrutiyet fermanının imzalanmasından birkaç gün sonra vefat eden Muzaffereddin Şah’ın yerine geçen Muhammed Ali Şah, iktidarının sınırlanmasını kabul etmeyerek meşruti yönetime cephe almış ve daha da ileri giderek Rus General Liakhov’un desteğiyle meclisi topa tutmuştu. Bu olaylar yaşanırken meşrutiyete karşı Çarlık Rusya’sının gizli çabaları gözden uzak düşünülmemelidir. Bu açıdan İran’da yaşanan hadiseler Osmanlı’daki süreç ile benzerlik göstermektedir. 1876’da meşrutiyeti ilan eden II. Abdülhamit, iktidarına gölge düşürdüğü gerekçesi ile kısa bir süre sonra süreci askıya almıştır. Ancak askıya aldığı meşrutiyeti 33 yıl sonra artan muhalefet nedeniyle tekrar yürürlüğe koymak mecburiyetinde kalmıştır. Halk üzerinde oldukça etkili olan ulemanın Kaçarlarda meşrutiyetin ilan edilmesinde büyük rolü söz konusudur. Meşrutiyetin ilanı sonrası meşrutiyet yanlıları kendi aralarında ikiye ayrıldılar. Bir kısmı meşrutiyet ve yeniliklerin taraftarı iken bir kısım da din etkisi altında bir meşrutiyet talep ediyorlardı. Bunlar daha sonra “Meşruacılar” olarak meşrutiyet tarihinde yerlerini alacaklardı. Hatta ilk mecliste partiler gurupların etkisi altında kalarak birbirinden ayrıldılar. Meclisi ortadan kaldırmaya karar veren Muhammed Ali Şah, dış güçlerin desteğiyle 23 Haziran 1908’de meclisi topa tutma fırsatını elde etmiş oldu.
The 18th and 19th centuries are one of the most tumultuous periods in the history of the world. During these centuries, several political and social developments took place in Iran at the same time as the Qajar dynasty ruled, which fundamentally changed the structure of contemporary Iran. During the reign of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, the outbreak of war between the Qajar government and the Tsarist government of Russia and the failure of the Qajars, reminded the Iranian agents of the need for internal reforms. Simultaneously with this feeling, Eastern society was also in transition from tradition to modernism, and the need to change attitudes and actions in the political, social and economic dimensions had affected Iran and the Ottoman Empire. The history of the Qajar State and the Ottoman Empire had almost the same fate in domestic affairs due to various factors. The proclamation of constitutionalism is one of the similar events that the two states experienced. Muzaffereddin Shah, who was the head of the Qajar State, signed the Constitution unwillingly. In this new system, people would be able to choose their deputies and the parliament could be active. However, Muhammad Ali Shah, who replaced Muzaffereddin’s Shah who passed away a few days after the signing of the constitution, sided against the legitimate administrative without accepting the limitation of his power, even went too far and bombarded parliament with the support of the Russian General Liyahov. During this event, the secret and ambitious goals of the Tsarist Russians should not be overlooked. In this respect, the events, took place in Iran are similar with the process in the Ottoman Empire. II. Abdulhamid, who declared the Constitution in 1876, after a short time, suspended the constitution with the reason that it had cast a shadow over his power. However, after 33 years, the first parliament which had been suspended by him was reinstated due to the increase of opposition against him. The role of the Ulema, who had a significant influence on the people, in the declaration of constitutionalism was very great. After the declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy, the supporters of the constitutionalism were divided into two among themselves. While some of them were in favor of constitutionalism and innovation, others demanded a constitutionalism under the influence of religion. These would later take their place in history as the “Legitimists”. Even in the first parliament, it is seen that the parties continued this grouping. Thus, Muhammad Ali Shah saw this as an opportunity and decided to abolish the parliament and bombard the parliament on June 23, 1908, with the support of foreign powers.
The 18th and 19th centuries are one of the most tumultuous periods in the history of the world. During these centuries, several political and social developments took place in Iran at the same time as the Qajar dynasty ruled, which fundamentally changed the structure of contemporary Iran. During the reign of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, the outbreak of war between the Qajar government and the Tsarist government of Russia and the failure of the Qajars, reminded the Iranian agents of the need for internal reforms. Simultaneously with this feeling, Eastern society was also in transition from tradition to modernism, and the need to change attitudes and actions in the political, social and economic dimensions had affected Iran and the Ottoman Empire. The history of the Qajar State and the Ottoman Empire had almost the same fate in domestic affairs due to various factors. The proclamation of constitutionalism is one of the similar events that the two states experienced. Muzaffereddin Shah, who was the head of the Qajar State, signed the Constitution unwillingly. In this new system, people would be able to choose their deputies and the parliament could be active. However, Muhammad Ali Shah, who replaced Muzaffereddin’s Shah who passed away a few days after the signing of the constitution, sided against the legitimate administrative without accepting the limitation of his power, even went too far and bombarded parliament with the support of the Russian General Liyahov. During this event, the secret and ambitious goals of the Tsarist Russians should not be overlooked. In this respect, the events, took place in Iran are similar with the process in the Ottoman Empire. II. Abdulhamid, who declared the Constitution in 1876, after a short time, suspended the constitution with the reason that it had cast a shadow over his power. However, after 33 years, the first parliament which had been suspended by him was reinstated due to the increase of opposition against him. The role of the Ulema, who had a significant influence on the people, in the declaration of constitutionalism was very great. After the declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy, the supporters of the constitutionalism were divided into two among themselves. While some of them were in favor of constitutionalism and innovation, others demanded a constitutionalism under the influence of religion. These would later take their place in history as the “Legitimists”. Even in the first parliament, it is seen that the parties continued this grouping. Thus, Muhammad Ali Shah saw this as an opportunity and decided to abolish the parliament and bombard the parliament on June 23, 1908, with the support of foreign powers.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Muhammed Ali Şah, Kaçar, Meşrutiyet, Meclis, II. Abdülhamid, İstibdat, Mohammad Ali Shah, Qajar, Constitutional, Council, Abdulhamid II, Despotism
Kaynak
Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
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Sayı
Türkiye Cumhuriyetin 100. Yılına Özel Sayısı
