İnsan Fiilleriyle İlgili Ayetleri Tarihsel Bağlamında Okumak
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Tarih
2023
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Kur’an miladi yedinci yüzyılda canlı bir dialog ortamda yirmi üç yıllık süreçte peyder pey nazîl olmuş bir kelamdır. Nâzil olduğu dönemde ayetlerin perde arkası bilindiğinden ilk muhataplar ayetleri anlamakta bir sorun yaşamamışlardır. Ancak Kur’an yazılı olarak iki kapak arasında bir kitap (mushaf) haline getirilip nüzul döneminden uzaklaşılınca ayetlerin anlaşılmasında sorunlar yaşanmaya başlanmıştır. Zira ayetler genellikle kendi tarihsel bağlamlarından bağımsız olarak lafız-beyan çerçevesinde anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Yine bu zamanlarda yeni teolojik ve hukuki sorunlar belirmiş ve bu sorunlar beraberinde farklı eğilime sahip mezheplerin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Söz konusu sorunlardan biri de insan fiilleri meselesidir. Bu mesele hakkında İslam geleneğinde üç farklı yaklaşım ortaya çıkmıştır. Birinci yaklaşım Cebriyye’ye aittir. Bu mezhebe göre insan fiilleri Allah tarafından yaratılmış ve insanın bu fiillerde iradesi ve sorumluluğu söz konusu değildir. İkinci yaklaşım Mu?tezile’ye aittir. Bu yaklaşıma göre insan fiilleri Allah tarafından yaratılmamıştır. Aksine bizzat insan tarafından yaratılmış ve insan da faili olduğu bu fiillerinden sorumlu tutulmuştur. Üçüncü yaklaşım ise Mâtürîdî ve Eş?arîlere aittir. Bu mezheplere göre insan fiilleri Allah tarafından yaratılmıştır. Bununla birlikte fiillerinden sorumlu tutulması için kendisine cüz-i irade verilmiş ve ondan meydana gelen bu fillere ise kesb denilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Eş?arî ve Mâtürîdî âlimlerin insan fiilleri konusunda refere ettikleri bazı ayetlerin nüzul dönemindeki anlam ve mesajının tespit edilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bu çerçevede öncelikle mezheplerin insan fiilleri konusundaki yaklaşımlarına değinilecektir. Ardından da bu konuda istidlalde bulundukları ayetlerin nüzul dönemindeki anlam ve mesajının ne olduğu üzerinde durulacaktır.
The Qur'an is a word/kalâm that has been gradually revealed in a lively environment in the seventh century AD over a period of twenty-three years. The first addressees had no problem understanding the verses since the background of them were known at the time Qur’an was revealed. However, when the Qur'an was turned into two covers and the period of nuzul was moved away, problems began to occur in the understanding of the verses. Because the verses are generally tried to be understood within the framework of word-declaration regardless of their historical context. Again, in these times, new theological and legal problems emerged and these problems led to the emergence of sects with different tendencies. One of the topics in question is the issue of human acts. Three different approaches have emerged in the Islamic tradition on this issue. The first approach belongs to Jabriyya. According to this sect, human’s act were created by Allah and man has no will or responsibility for these actions. The second approach belongs to Mu?tezile. According to this approach, human actions were not created by Allah. On the contrary, it was created by man himself and is responsible for his actions. The third approach belongs to the Mâtürîdî and Eş?arîs. According to these sects, human actions were created by Allah. However, a partial will was given to him to be held responsible for his actions, and these actions formed from it were called kesb. In this study, it is aimed to determine the meaning and message of some verses referred to by Ash?ari and Matürîdî scholars on human actions in the period of nuzul. In this context, first of all, the sectarian approaches of the sects on human actions will be mentioned. Then, the meaning and message of the verses they use on this subject in the period of nuzul will be emphasized.
The Qur'an is a word/kalâm that has been gradually revealed in a lively environment in the seventh century AD over a period of twenty-three years. The first addressees had no problem understanding the verses since the background of them were known at the time Qur’an was revealed. However, when the Qur'an was turned into two covers and the period of nuzul was moved away, problems began to occur in the understanding of the verses. Because the verses are generally tried to be understood within the framework of word-declaration regardless of their historical context. Again, in these times, new theological and legal problems emerged and these problems led to the emergence of sects with different tendencies. One of the topics in question is the issue of human acts. Three different approaches have emerged in the Islamic tradition on this issue. The first approach belongs to Jabriyya. According to this sect, human’s act were created by Allah and man has no will or responsibility for these actions. The second approach belongs to Mu?tezile. According to this approach, human actions were not created by Allah. On the contrary, it was created by man himself and is responsible for his actions. The third approach belongs to the Mâtürîdî and Eş?arîs. According to these sects, human actions were created by Allah. However, a partial will was given to him to be held responsible for his actions, and these actions formed from it were called kesb. In this study, it is aimed to determine the meaning and message of some verses referred to by Ash?ari and Matürîdî scholars on human actions in the period of nuzul. In this context, first of all, the sectarian approaches of the sects on human actions will be mentioned. Then, the meaning and message of the verses they use on this subject in the period of nuzul will be emphasized.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Tefsir, İnsan Fiilleri, Halk, Kesb, Nüzul, Nüzul Dönemi, Tafsir, Human’s Act, Khalq, Kesb, Nuzul, Nuzul Period
Kaynak
Tefsir Araştırmaları Dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
7
Sayı
1
