المنهج الفقهي لإلمام الشرواني من خالل حاشيته على تحفة المحتاج
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Tarih
2025
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Aksaray Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
İmam Şirvani, İslam fıkhında önemli bir etki bırakmış en önde gelen Şafii alimlerinden biridir. İmam İbn Hacer el-Heytemî'nin "Tuhfetü'l-Muhtâc" adlı eserine yazdığı derinlemesine açıklamaları ile tanınır. Bu eser, İmam Nevevi'nin "el-Minhâc" adlı metninin en önemli şerhlerinden biridir. Araştırmanın amacı, İmam Şirvani'nin fıkhî hükümleri istinbat etme yöntemini incelemek, onun şer'î delillerle çalışırken izlediği yolu analiz etmek ve fıkhî meseleleri sunma biçimini, görüşleri tercihe dayalı olarak nasıl tartıştığını ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma, şerhindeki fıkhî metinlerin incelenmesinde tümevarım yöntemini, açıklama ve istidlal tarzını ele almak için analitik bir yaklaşımı benimsemiştir. Birinci bölümde, temel kavramların tanımları yapılmış, fıkıh ve metodoloji hakkında genel bir açıklama yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, İmam Şirvani ve Şafii fıkhına yaptığı katkılardan bahsedilmiş, "Tuhfetü'l-Muhtâc" eseri tanıtılmıştır. Bu bölümde, Şirvani'nin eserine yaptığı katkılar vurgulanmış ve kitabın Şafii mezhebindeki önemi, İslam dünyasında fetva kaynağı olarak kabul edilmesi ele alınmıştır. Şirvani, sadece geleneksel bir açıklama yapmamış, fıkhî meselelerin derinlemesine analizini sunarak zamanının önemli fıkıh âlimlerinden biri haline gelmiştir. İkinci bölümde, İmam Şirvani'nin şer'î delillerle istidlal etme yöntemi incelenmiştir. Bu bölüm iki ana kısmı kapsamaktadır: İlk kısımda, Kur'an-ı Kerim, Sünnet, icma ve kıyas gibi üzerinde ittifak edilen şer'î deliller üzerine yoğunlaşılmıştır. Şirvani'nin bu delilleri nasıl dengeli bir şekilde kullandığı ve hem nakil hem de akıl unsurlarını nasıl bir araya getirdiği açıklanmıştır. İkinci kısımda ise ihtilaflı deliller, örneğin istihsan, maslahatlar ve istishab ele alınmıştır. Şirvani'nin bu delilleri nasıl pratik örneklerle açıklayarak, esnek bir yaklaşım Üçüncü bölümde, İmam Şirvani'nin fıkhî meseleleri nasıl sunduğu ve görüşleri nasıl tercih ettiği ele alınmıştır. Şirvani'nin yaklaşımı, objektif ve tarafsızdır. Farklı alimlerin görüşlerini, şer'î delillerle destekleyerek sunmuş ve ardından bu görüşler arasında delilin gücüne dayanarak en güçlü olanını tercih etmiştir. Şirvani, âlimler arasındaki ihtilafları açıklığa kavuşturmuş, fıkhî meselelerin derinlemesine anlaşılmasını sağlamıştır. Araştırma, Şirvani'nin özellikle abdest ve namaz gibi konularda, Şafii mezhebi içindeki farklı görüşlere dair yaptığı açıklamaları ve tercih ettiği görüşleri detaylı bir şekilde ele almıştır. Bu, onun şer'î temelleri ne kadar derinlemesine anladığını ve pratikte şer'î maslahatları gözeterek nasıl tercih ettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Araştırma, İmam Şirvani'nin metodunun hem geleneksel hem de çağdaş fıkıh anlayışını birleştiren hassas bir bilimsel yaklaşım olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. "Tuhfetü'l-Muhtâc" üzerindeki haşiyesi, yalnızca fıkhî bir kitabın açıklaması değil, aynı zamanda fıkhî meselelerin derinlemesine analizini ve şer'î delillerin kapsamlı açıklamasını içeren bir çalışmadır. Bu yaklaşım, İmam Şirvani'nin Şafii fıkhını geliştirerek, hem şer'î temellerin korunmasını hem de pratikteki ihtiyaçların karşılanmasını sağladığını göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, haşiyesi, fıkıh karşılaştırması ve İslam fıkhı üzerine çalışan araştırmacılar için önemli bir başvuru kaynağı olmuştur.
Imam Shurawani is one of the most prominent scholars of the Shafi'i school, and he is widely recognized for his detailed and comprehensive commentary on "Tuhfat al-Muhtaj" by Imam Ibn Hajar al-Haytami, which is one of the most important commentaries on Imam al-Nawawi's "al-Minhaj." The aim of this research is to study Imam Shurawani's methodology in deriving Sharia rulings by analyzing his approach to handling both agreedupon and disputed Sharia evidence, as well as examining his method of presenting legal issues and favoring different opinions. The study adopted an inductive method to examine the legal texts in his commentary, as well as an analytical approach to clarify his style of interpretation and reasoning. In the first chapter, the study discusses the definitions of basic terms such as fiqh and methodology, along with a brief overview of Imam Shurawani and his contributions to the Shafi'i fiqh. This chapter also introduces the book "Tuhfat al-Muhtaj" by Imam Ibn Hajar alHaytami, highlighting its significance in the Shafi'i school and its reliance as a major reference for issuing fatwas in the Islamic world. The chapter demonstrates the importance of Imam Shurawani's commentary on this book, which goes beyond traditional explanations by offering a deep analysis of the legal issues addressed, positioning it as one of the cornerstones of comparative fiqh in his time. The second chapter focuses on Imam Shurawani's method of reasoning with Sharia evidence. It is divided into two main sections: the first section deals with the agreed-upon Sharia evidence such as the Qur'an, the Sunnah, consensus (ijma), and analogy (qiyas), and shows how Imam Shurawani balanced these sources, integrating both textual and rational arguments. The second section addresses disputed evidences, such as istihsan (juridicapreference), masalih mursalah (public interest), and istishab (presumption of continuity). The study highlights Imam Shurawani's ability to provide practical examples and applications that show his flexibility in handling these evidences, such as his interpretation of certain rulings related to financial transactions and conditions. It concludes that Imam Shurawani relied on a precise analysis of these evidences, reflecting his profound understanding of the Sharia texts. In the third chapter, the research examines Imam Shurawani's approach to presenting legal issues and favoring particular opinions. His method is described as objective and impartial, as he presents the views of different jurists supported by evidence and then favors one view based on the strength of the legal argument. Imam Shurawani was keen to explain the reasons for disagreement among scholars, demonstrating his skill in comparative fiqh. The study provides examples from his commentary, such as his explanations of issues related to ritual purity (tahara) and prayer (salat), where he offered detailed interpretations of the differing views within the Shafi'i school. The study concludes that his method of favoring one opinion over another reflects a deep understanding of the Sharia principles, with consideration of achieving the public interest in practical application. The research concludes that Imam Shurawani had a scientific method that combined both traditional and contemporary aspects of Islamic jurisprudence. His commentary on "Tuhfat al-Muhtaj" is not merely an explanation of a legal text but a profound analytical study of legal issues, with comprehensive interpretations of the evidences and a clear exposition of scholarly disagreements, favoring the strongest evidence. This methodology highlights Imam Shurawani's role in advancing Shafi'i fiqh, presenting it in a way that maintains the foundations of Sharia while meeting the practical needs of the time, making his commentary a key reference for comparative fiqh and a valuable resource for researchers and students of Islamic jurisprudence.
يُعد اإلمام الشرواني من أبرز علماء الشافعية الذين أثروا بشكل واضح في تطور الفقه اإلسالمي، وذلك من خالل شرحه المميز لكتاب "تحفة المحتاج" لإلمام ابن حجر الهيتمي، أحد أهم شروح "المنهاج" لإلمام النووي. لم يكن شرحه مجرد إعادة توضيح للمسائل، بل تناولها بمنهج تحليلي يجمع بين األصالة والمعاصرة، مما جعله مرجعًا بار ًزا للفقه المقارن. لقد قدم الشرواني رؤية فقهية عميقة ترتكز على الجمع بين النقل والعقل، حيث اعتمد في استنباط األحكام الشرعية على األدلة المتفق عليها، كالقرآن والسنة واإلجماع والقياس، مع مرونة واضحة في التعامل مع األدلة المختلف فيها، مثل االستحسان والمصالح المرسلة واالستصحاب، من خالل تطبيقات عملية على مسائل واقعية، ال سيما في قضايا المعامالت والشروط. أظهر الشرواني براعة في تقديم أدلة الفقهاء المختلفين، مع تحليل األسباب الكامنة وراء الخالف ًء على قوة الدليل الشرعي. كان يتميز بالموضوعية والحيادية، حيث الفقهي وترجيح الرأي األقوى بنا يعرض المسائل من جميع جوانبها قبل التوصل إلى الترجيح، مما أضاف إلى شرحه قيمة علمية كبيرة. من أمثلة هذا المنهج، شروحاته المستفيضة في مسائل الطهارة والصالة، التي لم تقتصر على توضيح اآلراء داخل المذهب الشافعي فقط، بل فسرت التباينات بين الفقهاء بشكل يعزز فهم القارئ ويوضح الرؤية الفقهية الشاملة. vii ا يتميز بالتحليل العميق للنصوص الشرعية وقد خلص البحث إلى أن الشرواني اتبع منه ًجا علميًا دقيقً وتفسير األدلة، مع مراعاة تطبيقها في الواقع العملي بما يحقق المصلحة الشرعية. جعلت هذه المنهجية من حاشيته على "تحفة المحتاج" أكثر من مجرد شرح فقهي، بل دراسة تحليلية متكاملة تجمع بين الحفاظ على األصول الشرعية وتلبية احتياجات العصر، مما جعلها مرجعًا مهًما للفقه المقارن ولدارسي الفقه اإلسالمي.
Imam Shurawani is one of the most prominent scholars of the Shafi'i school, and he is widely recognized for his detailed and comprehensive commentary on "Tuhfat al-Muhtaj" by Imam Ibn Hajar al-Haytami, which is one of the most important commentaries on Imam al-Nawawi's "al-Minhaj." The aim of this research is to study Imam Shurawani's methodology in deriving Sharia rulings by analyzing his approach to handling both agreedupon and disputed Sharia evidence, as well as examining his method of presenting legal issues and favoring different opinions. The study adopted an inductive method to examine the legal texts in his commentary, as well as an analytical approach to clarify his style of interpretation and reasoning. In the first chapter, the study discusses the definitions of basic terms such as fiqh and methodology, along with a brief overview of Imam Shurawani and his contributions to the Shafi'i fiqh. This chapter also introduces the book "Tuhfat al-Muhtaj" by Imam Ibn Hajar alHaytami, highlighting its significance in the Shafi'i school and its reliance as a major reference for issuing fatwas in the Islamic world. The chapter demonstrates the importance of Imam Shurawani's commentary on this book, which goes beyond traditional explanations by offering a deep analysis of the legal issues addressed, positioning it as one of the cornerstones of comparative fiqh in his time. The second chapter focuses on Imam Shurawani's method of reasoning with Sharia evidence. It is divided into two main sections: the first section deals with the agreed-upon Sharia evidence such as the Qur'an, the Sunnah, consensus (ijma), and analogy (qiyas), and shows how Imam Shurawani balanced these sources, integrating both textual and rational arguments. The second section addresses disputed evidences, such as istihsan (juridicapreference), masalih mursalah (public interest), and istishab (presumption of continuity). The study highlights Imam Shurawani's ability to provide practical examples and applications that show his flexibility in handling these evidences, such as his interpretation of certain rulings related to financial transactions and conditions. It concludes that Imam Shurawani relied on a precise analysis of these evidences, reflecting his profound understanding of the Sharia texts. In the third chapter, the research examines Imam Shurawani's approach to presenting legal issues and favoring particular opinions. His method is described as objective and impartial, as he presents the views of different jurists supported by evidence and then favors one view based on the strength of the legal argument. Imam Shurawani was keen to explain the reasons for disagreement among scholars, demonstrating his skill in comparative fiqh. The study provides examples from his commentary, such as his explanations of issues related to ritual purity (tahara) and prayer (salat), where he offered detailed interpretations of the differing views within the Shafi'i school. The study concludes that his method of favoring one opinion over another reflects a deep understanding of the Sharia principles, with consideration of achieving the public interest in practical application. The research concludes that Imam Shurawani had a scientific method that combined both traditional and contemporary aspects of Islamic jurisprudence. His commentary on "Tuhfat al-Muhtaj" is not merely an explanation of a legal text but a profound analytical study of legal issues, with comprehensive interpretations of the evidences and a clear exposition of scholarly disagreements, favoring the strongest evidence. This methodology highlights Imam Shurawani's role in advancing Shafi'i fiqh, presenting it in a way that maintains the foundations of Sharia while meeting the practical needs of the time, making his commentary a key reference for comparative fiqh and a valuable resource for researchers and students of Islamic jurisprudence.
يُعد اإلمام الشرواني من أبرز علماء الشافعية الذين أثروا بشكل واضح في تطور الفقه اإلسالمي، وذلك من خالل شرحه المميز لكتاب "تحفة المحتاج" لإلمام ابن حجر الهيتمي، أحد أهم شروح "المنهاج" لإلمام النووي. لم يكن شرحه مجرد إعادة توضيح للمسائل، بل تناولها بمنهج تحليلي يجمع بين األصالة والمعاصرة، مما جعله مرجعًا بار ًزا للفقه المقارن. لقد قدم الشرواني رؤية فقهية عميقة ترتكز على الجمع بين النقل والعقل، حيث اعتمد في استنباط األحكام الشرعية على األدلة المتفق عليها، كالقرآن والسنة واإلجماع والقياس، مع مرونة واضحة في التعامل مع األدلة المختلف فيها، مثل االستحسان والمصالح المرسلة واالستصحاب، من خالل تطبيقات عملية على مسائل واقعية، ال سيما في قضايا المعامالت والشروط. أظهر الشرواني براعة في تقديم أدلة الفقهاء المختلفين، مع تحليل األسباب الكامنة وراء الخالف ًء على قوة الدليل الشرعي. كان يتميز بالموضوعية والحيادية، حيث الفقهي وترجيح الرأي األقوى بنا يعرض المسائل من جميع جوانبها قبل التوصل إلى الترجيح، مما أضاف إلى شرحه قيمة علمية كبيرة. من أمثلة هذا المنهج، شروحاته المستفيضة في مسائل الطهارة والصالة، التي لم تقتصر على توضيح اآلراء داخل المذهب الشافعي فقط، بل فسرت التباينات بين الفقهاء بشكل يعزز فهم القارئ ويوضح الرؤية الفقهية الشاملة. vii ا يتميز بالتحليل العميق للنصوص الشرعية وقد خلص البحث إلى أن الشرواني اتبع منه ًجا علميًا دقيقً وتفسير األدلة، مع مراعاة تطبيقها في الواقع العملي بما يحقق المصلحة الشرعية. جعلت هذه المنهجية من حاشيته على "تحفة المحتاج" أكثر من مجرد شرح فقهي، بل دراسة تحليلية متكاملة تجمع بين الحفاظ على األصول الشرعية وتلبية احتياجات العصر، مما جعلها مرجعًا مهًما للفقه المقارن ولدارسي الفقه اإلسالمي.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
İmam Şirvani, İstidlal, Şafii Fıkhı, İbn Hacer El-Heytemî, Tuhfetü'lMuhtâc, Imam Shurawani, Reasoning With Sharia Evidence, Shafi'i Fiqh, Ibn Hajar Al-Haytami, Tuhfat Al-Muhtaj, الكلمات المفتاحية: منهج اإلمام الشرواني, حاشية الشرواني, االستدالل باألدلة الشرعية, الفقه الشافعي, ترجيح المسائل الفقهية, اإلمام ابن حجر الهيتمي, تحفة المحتاج
