Arap dili gramerinin teorik temeli: İllet kuramı
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Tarih
2022
Yazarlar
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Yayıncı
Aksaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
En gelişmiş iletişim aracı olan dil, günümüzde bile gizemi tam anlamıyla çözülememiş insana özgü bir yetidir. Arapçanın Kur'ân dili olması, Arap dili gramerine dair çalışmaların erken dönemde başlamasını tetikleyen en önemli etken olmuştur. Daha çok betimsel bir yaklaşımla başlayan gramer çalışmaları, zamanla normatif ve nedenselci bir hâl almıştır. Çünkü dile kutsiyet atfedilmesi sonucu dildeki hikmet arayışı, Arap dilcilerini gramerin de ötesine geçmeye sevk etmiştir. Bu yönüyle nahiv ilminin salt bir dil grameri olmayıp dildeki gizemi anlamaya yönelik bir faaliyet olduğu söylenebilir. Nitekim Arap dilcilerin, ilk dönemden itibaren "Dilsel her bir olgunun mutlaka bir illeti vardır." anlayışıyla belirledikleri gramer ilkelerini illetlerle izah ettikleri görülmektedir. İllet kuramı diye bilinen ve Hicri 2. yüzyılda Halîl b. Ahmed (ö. 175/791) tarafından kuramsal çerçevesi belirlenen bu anlayışa göre dil, usta bir ressamın elinden çıkmış şaheser bir tablo; dilci ise bu tabloyu hayranlıkla inceleyen ve her bir fırça darbesini yorumlamaya çalışan bir uzmandır. Halîl b. Ahmed, selefleri ve çağdaşı dilcilerin tespit ettiği illetler, hicri 2. yüzyıldan itibaren öğrencisi Sîbeveyhi (ö. 180/796) tarafından geliştirilerek kayıt altına alınmış, hicri 3. yüzyıldan itibaren alanla ilgili müstakil eserler yazılmaya başlanmıştır. Hicri 4. yüzyıldan itibaren illet kuramı, usûlcü yaklaşımla teorik yönden ele alınmış; illetlerle ilgili genel bazı ilkeler tespit edilmiş ve illetler farklı açılardan tasnif edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada nahiv ilminin teorik temeli olarak illet kuramı ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın ilk iki bölümünde konunun kuramsal ve kavramsal çerçevesi ortaya konduktan sonra tarihi süreç ve literatüre yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde ise yaygın illet türleri, hem teorik hem de pratik yönden incelenmiştir. İllet türlerinin tespitinde Celîs ed-Dîneverî'nin (ö. 490/1097) tasnifi; illetlerin teorik yönden incelenmesinde nahiv usûlu kaynakları; pratik yönden incelenmesinde ise Sîbeveyhi'nin el-Kitâb'ı esas alınmıştır. İllet kuramı çerçevesinde belirlenen illetler ile dilde temel ilkelerin belirlenip temellendirildiği anlaşılmıştır. Bu yönüyle illet kuramının Arap dil gramerinin teorik temelini oluşturduğu görülmektedir. Diğer yandan bu illetlerin, dilin hem lafız hem de anlam boyutunu esas aldığı; birini diğerine feda etmediği anlaşılmıştır. Bu bağlamda konuşan ile muhatap arasında asgari düzeyde dil çabasıyla sağlıklı bir iletişim kurmanın temel hedef olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Dildeki olguların tesadüfi olmadığını ortaya koyan bu illetler, dilin hikmet boyutuna da dikkat çektiği aşikardır.
Language, the most developed means of communication, is a human ability, the mystery of which has not been fully resolved until today. The fact that Arabic is the language of the Qur'an has been the most important factor that triggered the early start of studies on the grammar of the Arabic language. Grammar studies, which started with a more descriptive approach, became normative and causal in time. Because the search for wisdom in the language as a result of attributing holiness to language has led Arab linguists to go beyond grammar. In this respect, it can be said that the science of Arabic grammar is not just a language grammar, but an activity aimed at understanding the mystery in the language.For this reason, Arab linguists explained the grammatical principles they identified under the principle of causation by understanding "every linguistic phenomenon must have a cause". The theoretical framework of the ?illa theory was determined by Khal?l b. A?mad (d. 175/791) in the 2nd century AH. According to this theory, language is a masterpiece painting by a master painter; The linguist is an expert who examines this painting with admiration and tries to interpret each brush stroke. The ?illas of grammar revealed by Khal?l and his contemporary linguists were developed and recorded by his student S?bawayh (d. 180/796) from the 2nd century A.H. Since 3rd century A.H., detached works began to be written about this issue. Since the fourth century A.H., the issue of ?illas has been dealt with theoretically with a methodology approach, and some general principles related to the ?illas were identified, and the ?illas were classified from different angles. In this study, the theory of causation, which is the theoretical basis of Arap language grammar, is discussed. In this context, after the theoretical and conceptual framework of the subject is revealed in the first two parts of the study, the historical process and literature are included. In the third chapter, common types of illa's are examined both theoretically and practically. The classification of Cel?s al-D?navar? (d. 490/1097) was taken as the basis for the determination of the types of ?illas. In the theoretical analysis of ?illas, the literature of us?l al-na?w was taken as a basis. Sb?awayh's book el-Kitâb was taken as the basis for the practical analysis of ?illas. It has been understood that with the illas determined within the framework of the theory of ?illa, the basic principles in the language are determined and grounded. In this respect, it is seen that the theory of illa constitutes the theoretical basis of the Arabic language grammar. On the other hand, these ?illas are based on both the wording and the meaning of the language; It is understood that they did not sacrifice one for the other. In this context, it has been revealed that establishing healthy communication between the speaker and the interlocutor with minimal language effort is the main goal. It is obvious that these illas, which reveal that the phenomena in the language are not accidental, also draw attention to the wisdom dimension of the language.
Language, the most developed means of communication, is a human ability, the mystery of which has not been fully resolved until today. The fact that Arabic is the language of the Qur'an has been the most important factor that triggered the early start of studies on the grammar of the Arabic language. Grammar studies, which started with a more descriptive approach, became normative and causal in time. Because the search for wisdom in the language as a result of attributing holiness to language has led Arab linguists to go beyond grammar. In this respect, it can be said that the science of Arabic grammar is not just a language grammar, but an activity aimed at understanding the mystery in the language.For this reason, Arab linguists explained the grammatical principles they identified under the principle of causation by understanding "every linguistic phenomenon must have a cause". The theoretical framework of the ?illa theory was determined by Khal?l b. A?mad (d. 175/791) in the 2nd century AH. According to this theory, language is a masterpiece painting by a master painter; The linguist is an expert who examines this painting with admiration and tries to interpret each brush stroke. The ?illas of grammar revealed by Khal?l and his contemporary linguists were developed and recorded by his student S?bawayh (d. 180/796) from the 2nd century A.H. Since 3rd century A.H., detached works began to be written about this issue. Since the fourth century A.H., the issue of ?illas has been dealt with theoretically with a methodology approach, and some general principles related to the ?illas were identified, and the ?illas were classified from different angles. In this study, the theory of causation, which is the theoretical basis of Arap language grammar, is discussed. In this context, after the theoretical and conceptual framework of the subject is revealed in the first two parts of the study, the historical process and literature are included. In the third chapter, common types of illa's are examined both theoretically and practically. The classification of Cel?s al-D?navar? (d. 490/1097) was taken as the basis for the determination of the types of ?illas. In the theoretical analysis of ?illas, the literature of us?l al-na?w was taken as a basis. Sb?awayh's book el-Kitâb was taken as the basis for the practical analysis of ?illas. It has been understood that with the illas determined within the framework of the theory of ?illa, the basic principles in the language are determined and grounded. In this respect, it is seen that the theory of illa constitutes the theoretical basis of the Arabic language grammar. On the other hand, these ?illas are based on both the wording and the meaning of the language; It is understood that they did not sacrifice one for the other. In this context, it has been revealed that establishing healthy communication between the speaker and the interlocutor with minimal language effort is the main goal. It is obvious that these illas, which reveal that the phenomena in the language are not accidental, also draw attention to the wisdom dimension of the language.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Arap Dili, Nahiv, İllet Kuramı, Nahiv İlletleri, Sîbeveyhi, Arabic Language, al-Na?w, The Theory of ?Illa, ?Illas of al-Nahw, Sîbawayh
