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A review of phenotypic carbapenemase detection methods
(Aksaray Üniversitesi, 2025) Duman, Yücel; Akıneden, Altan; Türkel, Selçuk
Carbapenems are broad-spectrum antibiotics used to treat multidrug-resistant infections caused by Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and anaerobic bacteria. However, the overuse of these antibiotics has led to the rise of carbapenem-resistant bacteria (CRB), which present significant treatment challenges. Carbapenem resistance is primarily mediated by the production of carbapenemase enzymes, which hydrolyze carbapenems and are often encoded by plasmids, facilitating horizontal gene transfer. Rapid detection of carbapenemase-producing organisms is crucial for effective antimicrobial stewardship and preventing the spread of resistance. Phenotypic methods for detecting carbapenemases include disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods, gradient diffusion, automated systems, and chromogenic media. More advanced techniques, such as the Carba NP test and immunochromatographic assays, provide rapid identification of resistance profiles, while spectrophotometric analysis detects enzymatic hydrolysis. The choice of method depends on sensitivity, specificity, and clinical context. Early and accurate detection allows for timely adjustments to treatment, optimizing patient outcomes and limiting the misuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Investigation of protective effects of rutin\cyclodextrin inclusion complex against testicular damage caused by diisononyl phthalate in rats
(Mashhad University Medical Sciences, 2025) Bozalı, Ramazan; Akarsu, Serkan Ali; Gür, Cihan; Küçükler, Sefa; Akaras, Nurhan; Leritürk, Mustafa; Sunar, Serhat; Kandemir, Fatih Mehmet
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Rutin\cyclodextrin (RUT\CD) complex in rats exposed to diisononyl phthalate (DINP). Materials and Methods: In the study, 35 male Sprague Dawley rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into five groups: Control, DINP, RUT\CD, DINP+RUT\CD100, and DINP+RUT\CD200. The control group received Tween 80 by oral gavage, while the DINP groups received DINP at a dose of 200 mg/kg/bw. RUT+CD groups received the RUT\CD complex by oral gavage. After 14 days of administration, rats were sacrificed, and testicular tissues were used for histopathological and biochemical analyses, and epididymal tissues were used for semen analysis. Results: DINP administration caused an increase in MDA level and a decrease in SOD, CAT, GPx1 enzyme activities, and GSH level in rats. RUT\CD administration decreased oxidative stress and increased antioxidant activity. In addition, DINP administration caused a decrease in Nrf-2 and HO-1 levels. DINP caused a significant increase in eIF2 alpha, ATF4, NF-kappa B, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, Inos, and Cox2 levels in the testicular tissue of rats. RUT\CD administration decreased these levels in a dose-dependent manner. Apoptosis markers p53, Apaf-1, Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 mRNA transcript levels and Bax and Bcl-2 protein levels were significantly increased in the DINP-administered group. In the DINP+ RUT/CD group, these levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, DINP administration caused an increase in sperm DNA damage. Conclusion: DINP administration induced testicular toxicity by increasing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation, and changes in testicular histology. Moreover, RUT\CD administration attenuated DINP-induced toxic effects.
Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine in doxorubicininduced primary ovarian failure in female rats
(Galenos Publishing House, 2025) Aslan, İlke Özer; Öz, Mehmet; Erdal, Hüseyin; Karaboğa, İhsan; Doğan, Mehmet
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an aminothiol compound, eliminates free radicals and enhances glutathione (GSH) synthesis, thereby strengthening intracellular antioxidant defenses. Although its protective effects against ovarian injury have been reported, its efficacy in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced ovarian failure has not been demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate whether NAC exerts a protective role against DOX-induced ovarian toxicity in female rats. Materials and methods: Twenty-one adult female rats were randomly assigned to three groups: Control, DOX (10 mg/kg, i.p., single dose), and DOX+NAC (150 mg/kg, i.p., for 5 days; DOX administered on day 3, one hour after NAC). Serum and tissue oxidative stress parameters, histopathological changes, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity, and TUNEL assay were evaluated. Results: DOX significantly reduced serum anti-M & uuml;llerian hormone (AMH) (6.75 -> 5.31 ng/mL; p<0.001) and GSH (422.64 -> 280.98 mg/L; p<0.001), while increasing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) (175.87 -> 260.77 ng/L; p<0.001) and total oxidant status (TOS) (7.18 -> 11.84 U/mL; p=0.002). NAC treatment reversed these alterations, namely: AMH (6.51 ng/mL; p=0.004), GSH (363.86 mg/L; p=0.018), TNF-alpha (184.55 ng/L; p<0.001), TOS (7.88 U/mL; p=0.003). In ovarian tissue, DOX reduced GSH (123.63 -> 80.64 mg/L; p=0.001) and total antioxidant status (14.88 -> 10.57 U/mL; p<0.001), while elevating TOS (7.14 -> 12.64 U/mL; p<0.001) and caspase-3 (2.06 -> 3.14 ng/mL; p<0.001). NAC significantly improved all these parameters (p <= 0.005). Histologically, DOX caused edema, hemorrhage, infiltration, and a reduction in the percentage of healthy follicles, whereas NAC markedly ameliorated these alterations. Furthermore, NAC enhanced PCNA expression and reduced TUNEL-positive granulosa cells, supporting its anti-apoptotic effect. Conclusion: NAC preserved ovarian reserve and follicular integrity by suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis induced by DOX. These findings highlight NAC as a promising protective agent against chemotherapy-induced ovarian toxicity.
Correction to: exposure to an electromagnetic field during adolescence can cause destruction and pain in bone tissue and cells while also triggering new bone formation (bratislava medical journal, (2025), 10.1007/s44411-025-00217-2)
(Springer International Publishing, 2025) İkinci Keleş, Ayşe; Kaya, Haydar; Keleş, Gökhan; Tümkaya, Levent
When this article was published, the name of the 3rd author was wrongly given as “Gökhan İkinci Keleş” though it should be correctly “Gökhan Keleş”. The Original article has been corrected. The Publisher apologises for this mistake.
Investigating the effects of carvacrol in isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury: Role of H-FABP and Gal-3/TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB signaling pathway modulation
(Springer International Publishing, 2025) Küçükler, Sefa; Çomaklı, Selim; Özdemir, Selçuk; Değirmençay, Şükrü; Kandemir, Fatih Mehmet; Genç, Aydın; Dalkılınç, Elif; Aydın, Şeyma
This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of carvacrol (CRV) on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury, focusing on its modulation of the Gal-3/TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB pathway. Thirty-five male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups: control, CRV-treated, ISO-induced, and CRV pre-treated with two different doses (ISO + CRV 25 mg/kg and ISO + CRV 50 mg/kg). Cardiac markers, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress parameters, antioxidant enzymes, apoptosis, oxidative DNA damage, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were assessed. The study explored the impact of CRV on galectin-3 and the TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB pathway. ISO-induced myocardial injury was associated with elevated cardiac marker enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, ERS, and activation of the Gal-3/TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB pathway. CRV treatment significantly attenuated these effects, showcasing its cardioprotective potential. Histopathological examination revealed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration with CRV pre-treatment. Furthermore, CRV significantly reduced oxidative stress parameters, including malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increased antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The study highlighted the protective role of CRV against oxidative DNA damage, as indicated by decreased 8-OHdG levels. Additionally, CRV mitigated ERS by reducing ATF6 and GRP78 expression levels. It was also determined that CRV reduces apoptosis by regulating the expression levels of Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein) and Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), as well as AKT (Protein kinase B) protein levels. This comprehensive understanding underscores CRV's potential as a promising therapeutic agent for managing myocardial injury, providing valuable insights into its broader effects on cardiovascular health.
Morphological variations of the middle and superior turbinates, olfactory fossa and nasal septum in different sphenoid sinus pneumatization patterns
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Gökşan, Ahmet Safa; Açar, Gülay; Digilli Ayaş, Betül; Çiçekcibaşı, Aynur Emine; Aydoğdu, Demet
Detailed assessment of the extrasinusal pneumatization of the superior and middle turbinate (SCB, MCB), olfactory fossa (OFP), and nasal septum (NSP) in coronal and sagittal sphenoid sinus (SS) pneumatization types provides a precise understanding of the surgical corridors used for skull base surgery. We aimed to analyze the relationships among these variations using computed tomography (CT) images. Methods: CT images of 153 patients were retrospectively analyzed for all types of sinonasal pneumatizations and volumes of SCB and sphenoid sinus, together with the prevalence of mucosal thickening of the sphenoid sinus (MTSS). Results: The prevalences of cellular, extensive, and complete SCB were 28.6%, 21.1%, and 23.5% in prepterygoid; 38.1%, 42.1%, and 35.3% in prerotundum; and 33.3%, 36.8%, and 41.2% in postrotundum CSSP types, respectively. The frequencies of lamellar, bulbous, and extensive MCB were 29%, 14.3%, and 33.3% in pterygoid, 38.7%, 57.1%, and 25.9% in prerotundum, 32.3%, 8%, and 40.8% in postrotundum CSSP types, respectively. SCB and MCB were observed unilaterally at 24.8% and 30% and bilaterally at 12.8% and 32.7%, respectively. OFP, NSP, and MTSS were detected at 24.2%, 31.4%, and 27.5%, respectively. Increased age was significantly associated with a lower probability of pneumatization in SS and MCB. Conclusions: The data obtained showed that the degree of SS pneumatization significantly affected the frequencies of the SCB, MCB, OFP, NSP, and MTSS. Also, the SCB volume is significantly related to the CSSP types. Preoperative CT evaluation is crucial for surgeons to be aware of these variations and to avoid iatrogenic injury.
Acute neurochemical, psychophysiological, and cognitive responses to small-sided games vs. running-based HIIT in young, male soccer players
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025) Birinci, Yakup Zühtü; Pancar, Serkan; Soylu, Yusuf; Topçu, Hüseyin; Koçyiğit, Aygül; Sarandöl, Emre; Şimşek, Hasan; Şahin, Şenay
This study aimed to compare the immediate effects of small-sided games (SSGs) and running-based high-intensity interval training (HIITrb) on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, cognitive performance, and enjoyment in young, male soccer players. Methods: Twenty-four soccer players [age: 19.2 ± 0.8 years] completed one session each of four-a-side SSG or HIITrb in a randomized, counterbalanced, and crossover design, with a one-week washout period. Blood samples and Trail Making Tests (TMTs) A and B were measured before and after exercise. Heart rate (HR) was monitored throughout the games, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and enjoyment were collected at the end of the measurements. Results: The results show no significant effects of time (p > 0.775), group (p > 0.276) or time × group interaction (p > 0.199) on BDNF levels. For TMT-A, the time effect (p = 0.866) and group effect (p = 0.057) were not significant; however, the time × group interaction was significant (p < 0.019), indicating a superior performance in the SSG compared to HIITrb. In the TMT-B, significant effects were observed for both time (p < 0.001) and group (p < 0.001), while the time × group interaction effect was not statistically significant (p > 0.061). Furthermore, enjoyment levels did not differ significantly between conditions (p = 0.976). Conclusions: These findings suggest that four-a-side SSG may enhance processing speed compared to HIITrb without changes in serum BDNF levels. Coaches may consider using 4v4 SSG formats in early training sessions or warm-ups to stimulate processing speed and mental readiness in young soccer players.
Carvacrol mitigates Mercury chloride induced neurotoxicity by regulation of NRF-2/HO-1/NF-κB expression
(Elsevier GmbH, 2025) Akaras, Nurhan; Şimşek, Hasan; İleritürk, Mustafa; Küçükler, Sefa; Gür, Cihan; Kandemir, Fatih Mehmet
Mercury chloride (HgCl2) is an environmental pollutant that has serious toxic effects on the central nervous system. Carvacrol (CRV), which has phytotherapeutic, pharmacological, biological, and aromatic properties, has neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible neuroprotective effect of CRV on HgCl2-induced central neurotoxicity in rats. In the study, HgCl2 (1.23 mg/kg) and CRV (25 or 50 mg/kg) alone or their combinations were administered to rats for 7 days. Then, the proteins and pathological changes specific to autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress processes in the brain tissue were analyzed by biochemical, molecular, histological and immunohistochemical methods. It was determined that CRV treatment significantly increased antioxidant enzyme (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) activities and non-enzymatic (glutathione) antioxidants while reducing HgCl2-induced lipid peroxidation. In addition, it was determined that Nrf-2, HO-1, NQO1 mRNA transcript levels, which are among the oxidative stress parameters of CRV administration, increased. It was observed that HgCl2 increased the expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and nNOS cytokines and Rage, STAT3, NLRP3, MAPK14, MAPK15 and JNK, whereas CRV treatment suppressed these genes. In this study, it was determined that HgCl2 induces apoptotic (caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2) and autophagic (Beclin-1) markers, whereas CRV can protect brain tissues from the destructive effect of H HgCl2 by showing anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic. In addition, decreased Akt-2 and Foxo1 expression and increased GFAP levels in HgCl2-induced brain tissue were regulated after CRV administration. The H&E staining results showed that CRV preserved the histological architecture and integrity of the cerebral cortex. The findings of this study indicate that CRV has neuropreventive potential against HgCl2-induced neurotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy.
Relationship between RT-PCR Threshold Cycle Values and Thorax CT Severity Score in COVID-19 Patients
(Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi, 2025) Akıneden, Altan; Çiçek, Cemal; Türkel, Selçuk; Kararmaz, Nimet Büşra; Özkan, Deniz
In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between RT-PCR Cycles Threshold (Ct) values, which provide information about the viral load, and CT severity score (CTSS), which is used to demonstrate lung involvement. Materials and Methods: Between January 1, 2021 and November 30, 2021, a total of 162 patients with lung auscultation findings and/or suspicious findings on posteroanterior chest radiography, along with a positive RT-PCR test, were included in the study. Viral loads, lung involvement, and mortality rates of the cases were analyzed based on the units in which they were hospitalized. Additionally, we investigated the correlation between comorbid diseases associated with COVID-19, CTSS (CT severity score), RT-PCR Ct viral load values, and age. Results: The CTSS showed a positive and significant correlation with age (p=0.017). Statistical analysis revealed no significant correlation between viral load and thoracic involvement (p=0.663). Conclusion: According to the present study, no significant correlation was found between RT-PCR Ct values, which play a crucial role in the diagnosis of COVID-19, and thoracic CT involvement. However, the prevalence of lung involvement and the mortality rate of the cases increased with age. Additionally, a significant correlation was observed between the CT severity score (CT-SS) and age. These findings pave the way for future in-depth research in this field, fostering a better understanding of the subject matter.
Covid-19 hastalarında sars CoV-2 RT-PCR pozitifliği ve hematolojik parametrelerin önemi
(Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti, 2022) Akıneden, Altan; Çiçek, Cemal; Türkel, Selçuk; Sibel cigdem, Tuncer
Pandemiye neden olan COVID-19 hastalığının tanısı; klinik, laboratuvar ve radyolojik yöntemlerle konulmaktadır. Çalışmamızda, COVID-19 tanısı ile servis veya yoğun bakımda yatan olgularda, gerçek zamanlı PCR (RT-PCR) eşik döngü (Ct) değeri ile hemogram alt parametreleri arasındaki ilişki araştırıldı. Yöntem: Çalışmamızda, Kasım 2020-Ocak 2021 tarihleri arasında COVID-19 servisinde yatan 98 olgu araştırıldı. Olgular yattıkları servise göre; yoğun bakım ve servis olarak iki gruba ayrıldı. Olgular; yaş, cinsiyet, RT-PCR Ct değerleri ve hematolojik parametrelere göre incelendi. Bulgular: Araştırılan olguların 45’i kadın ve 53’ü erkekti. Yaş ortalaması serviste 61.8, yoğun bakımda 75.5’ti (p=0.02). RT-PCR Ct değerlerinde yoğun bakım ve servis hastaları arasında fark gözlemlenmedi (p=0.068). İki hasta grubu arasında; lökosit, nötrofil, trombosit, plateletkrit ve trombosit/lenfosit oranı değerleri arasında fark bulunamadı (p>0.05). Ancak, yoğun bakım hastalarında servis hastalarına göre lenfosit, eosinofil, eritrosit ve hemoglobin değerlerinde düşme görüldü. Öte yandan eritrosit dağılım genişliği-varyasyon katsayısı, eritrosit dağılım genişliği-standart sapma, trombosit, ortalama trombosit volümü, trombosit dağılım genişliği ve nötrofil/lenfosit oranı değerinde yükselme saptandı. Sonuç: Çalışmamıza göre, servis ve yoğun bakımda yatış açısından RT-PCR Ct değerlerinin bir anlamı olmadığı, ancak hematolojik parametrelerin takibinin önemli olduğu sonucuna varıldı.
Does MDR1 promoter methylation affect temozolomide resistance? A clinical study in patients with glioblastoma
(Eylem Değirmenci, 2022) Güner, Yahya Efe; Al-Beyati, Eyyub S M; Kurt Kızıldoğan, Aslıhan; Gökmen, Derya; Şahin, Vedat; Taşpınar, Filiz; Tetik, Bora; Taşpınar, Mehmet; Uğur , Hasan Çağlar
The multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene expression and its epigenetic status may be an important factor in the chemotherapeutic resistance of glioblastoma (GB). The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the MDR1 promoter methylation status on GB tumor tissue related with patient survival, chemotherapy resistance, and recurrence of the disease.Materials and methods: Thirty-six patients underwent surgery for GB at the Neurosurgery Department of Ankara University School of Medicine. The patients’ clinical information and the MDR1 methylation status of the tumor tissues was compared to determine the effects on patient survival, chemotherapy resistance, and tumor recurrence.Results: Patients with MDR1 methylated GB had statistically significantly (p<0.001) shorter survival times. Early recurrence was detected in 25% of the patients with unmethylated tumor tissues and in 39.3% with hemimethylated tumor tissues.Conclusion: Instead of using the standard chemotherapeutics in all the patients with GB, tissue-specific medications must be chosen while taking into consideration the epigenomic characteristics and expression status of the tumor because of the genetic heterogeneity of GB. This is the first study to show the association between MDR1 promoter methylation and the clinical data of GB in the literature.
In vitro evaluation of glutathione implementation on oxidative dna damage and oxidant status in high glucose conditions
(Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, 2022) Yur, Fatmagül; Dede, Semiha; Çetin, Sedat; Taşpınar, Mehmet; Usta, Ayşe
This study aimed to show the effects of glutathione, recognized by its antioxidant specialties, on the potential DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2- deoxyguanosine) and the antioxidant system changes upon its implementation in BHK-21 cells cultured with high glucose. Materials and Methods: BHK-21 cell line was regularly surpassed in vitro conditions (5% FBS, 10% horse serum, 1% L-Glutamine, 1% penicillin/ streptomycin in RPMI 1640 medium, and 5% CO2 and 95% humidity and 37oC) incubated. The control group determined glucose's IC50 value based on the viability tests executed on MTT cells. Cells were seeded in plates as each would have 2x106 cells. The control, the test, and the crossbreed test (glucose; (285 mM), glutathione (250 μM)) groups were prepared. After 24 hours of incubation, trypsinized cells were designed for analysis through vitrification. In the lysate of the cell culture that was procured, Oxidative DNA damage, TAS, TSO, and OSI were measured by the spectrophotometric system with ELISA. Results: It was observed that 8-OHdG levels increased significantly with glucose application. Moreover, the increase in the HG+GSH group was more significant when compared to the control group (p≤0.05). No difference with the control group was found only in the group where GSH was applied. As for TAS, whereas any difference was observed in GSH used groups, the increase in the HG+GSH group was significant compared to the control group (p≤0.05). that were the same as the control group. TOS and OSI considerably increased in HG + GSH implemented groups as to the control group (p≤0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, no protective impacts of glutathione at the cellular level in the doses mentioned above were observed on high-dose glucose implemented cells. On the other hand, it was revealed that the applied amounts of glutathione in the process did not cause any toxic effects.
An examination of blind mole-rat (Nannospalax xanthodon) brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord tissues: A histological and stereological study
(İlker ÇAMKERTEN, 2022) İkinci Keleş, Ayşe; Biterge Süt, Burcu; Kankılıç, Teoman
The purpose of this study was to perform a histological examination of blind mole-rat (Nannospalax xanthodon) brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord tissues. Six blind mole-rats were caught in a natural environment, anesthetized with ether, and sacrificed. Brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord tissues were then removed. All tissues were kept in 10% formaldehyde for one week, at the end of which they were subjected to routine histological procedures and embedded in blocks. Five micron-thick sections were taken from the blocks (5 and 15 micron thick from spinal cord tissues). All sections were then stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Cresyl Violet, and DAPI. These sections were then evaluated under light and fluorescent microscopes. The blind mole-rats weighed 201.3 ± 61 g, the brains and cerebella weighed 1.8 ± 0.3 mg and 0.32 ± 0.05 mg, respectively, and the brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord volumes were 1.49±0.46 ml, 0.33± 0.08 ml, and 2.53± 0.19 µm3, respectively. No histological variation was observed in the brain or cerebellum tissues. However, examination of the spinal cord tissue revealed differences compared to humans and other rodents. The spinal cord exhibited a segmented, lobulated appearance, each lobe itself exhibiting the characteristics of a small spinal cord. No butterfly appearance was observed, and white and gray matter transitions were irregular, with less white and more gray matter. The location of the anterior and posterior horns was unclear. The motor neuron cells were also small in size. No significant variations were observed at nuclear organization (DAPI signals) between any tissues. In conclusion, the blind mole-rats were normal in weight, increased brain and cerebellum tissue weight and volumes were observed, while a decrease was determined in spinal cord tissue volumes. The brain and cerebellum were normal at histological examination, while structural differences were detected in the spinal cord.
Antioxidant Effects of Bromelain on Paracetamol-Induced Renal Injury in Rats
(AVES Yayıncılık, 2023) Akaras, Nurhan; Tokyay, Erdem; Aydemir Celep, Nevra; Yüce, Neslihan; Şimşek, Hasan; Özkan, Halil İbrahim
Bromelain, a natural antioxidant, is the active ingredient of pineapple. Paracetamol is a nonsteroidal drug that is used worldwide as a pain reliever and causes kidney damage in high doses. This study was conducted to investigate the potential effects of bromelain on paracetamol-induced kidney damage. Methods: 56 Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into 7 groups, namely (1) control, (2) N-acetylcysteine (140 mg/kg), (3) bromelain (100 mg/kg), (4) paracetamol (2 g/kg), (5) paracetamol (2 g/kg) + N-acetylcysteine (140 mg/kg), (6) paracetamol (2 g/ kg) + bromelain (50 mg/kg), (7) paracetamol (2 g/kg) + bromelain (100 mg/kg). At the end of the experiment, creatinine and urea levels from blood serum, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels from kidney tissue, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured. Additionally, the kidney was evaluated histopathologically. Results: It was determined that serum creatinine, urea levels, and kidney tissue MDA levels were significantly increased in rats in the paracetamol group compared to the control group, while SOD, GSH, and GPx activities were decreased (P < .050). N-acetylcysteine and bromelain applications were determined to decrease serum creatinine and urea levels and kidney tissue MDA levels caused by paracetamol and increased SOD, GSH, and GPx activities (P< .050). When the histopathological scores were examined, it was found that paracetamol-induced renal tissue damage was reduced by Bro50, Bro100, and N-acetylcysteine applications, and especially Bro100 application was more effective in reducing damage than N-acetylcysteine and Bro50 (P < .050). Conclusion: It was determined that increased serum urea and creatine, tissue oxidative stress markers, and histopathological changes due to paracetamol have decreased thanks to the antioxidant property of bromelain. Additionally, it was determined that the Bro100 dose was more effective than the N-acetylcysteine treatment. It is thought that the obtained data will support different studies to be conducted on the usability of bromelain-supportive treatment in preventing paracetamol-induced kidney damage.
The effects of donepezil on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in diabetic rats and the role of nitric oxide modulators
(MediHealth Academy Yayıncılık, 2023) Öz, Mehmet; Nurullahoğlu Atalık, Kısmet Esra; Aslanlar, Durmuş Ali
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil on the diabetes- induced anxiety and depression and the role of nitric oxide in these effects. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (6 rats each): (I) normal control group, (II) untreated diabetic group, and Groups (III-V) diabetic rats received donepezil at a dose of 4 mg/kg orally for twenty days after the first 30 days of diabetes. Group 4 also received 20 mg/kg i.p., L-NAME simultaneously with donepezil for the last 20 days, while group 5 received 40 mg/kg i.p., L-Arginine during this period. A single dose of streptozotocin was used to induce experimental type 1 diabetes. Results: Anxiety-like behaviors were assessed using the open field test (OFT), and depression-like behaviors were estimated using the forced swim test (FST). In the OFT, all diabetic rats spent less time in the center and engaged in less exploratory behavior than the control group. The number of lines crossed where locomotor activity was assessed did not differ significantly between groups. In the FST, duration of immobility increased significantly in diabetic groups compared to the control. Donepezil administration did not affect either depression or anxiety responses. Moreover, donepezil plus L-arginine increased diabetes-induced depression significantly. Conclusion: These findings may suggest that cholinergic and nitrergic systems may interact on depression-like behaviors in diabetic rats.
The effects of MDR-1 gene polymorphisms on the clinical course of chronic hepatitis B infection
(MediHealth Academy Yayıncılık, 2023) Şıvgın, Hakan; Yılmaz, Abdülkerim; Rüstemoğlu, Aydın; Öztürk, Banu; Şahin, Şafak; Taşlıyurt, Türker
Chronic HBV infection is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate due to the increased risk of hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer. Treatment modalities and resistance are currently being investigated. Several mechanisms underlie drug resistance. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the product of the multidrug resistance gene (MDR-1), is a well-known mechanism of the MDR phenotype. MDR gene C1236T polymorphism is associated with decreased p-gp function. The mutation of the MDR gene can affect the clinical course of the disease and response rate to treatment. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between MDR gene polymorphism and clinical course and treatment responses in chronic HBV infection. Methods: A total of 90 (male∕female: 69/21) patients with chronic HBV infection under Lamivudine treatment were enrolled in this study. Mean ages were 49.8±12.6 (range: 22-75) years. The patients were categorized as: Treatment-respondent (group 1: HBV-DNA is negative at the 24th week) and treatment-refractory (group 2: HBV-DNA is still positive after the 24th week). Group 1 consisted of 51 (M/F: 38/13) and group 2 consisted of 39 (M∕F: 31∕9) patients. There was no significant difference between the ages and genders of the two groups. Histologic activity indexes (HAI), total bilirubin, AST and ALT levels, and HBV-DNA titers were significantly higher in the patients in group 2 than in group 1 (p<0.05).
Investigation of the Effects of Acetylsalicylic Acid Administration at Different Doses on Behavioral Disorders in Rats
(Bingöl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2024) Şimşek, Hasan; Kandemir, Özge; Akaras, Nurhan
Aspirin is one of the most widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs worldwide. Neurodegenerative diseases adversely affect the central nervous system, leading to cognitive decline. Aspirin has different pharmacological activities at different doses. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), the active ingredient of aspirin, administered at different doses on the parameters that play a role in cognitive function using molecular and histological methods and behavioral tests. For this purpose, 28 Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups. Control, ASA-low dose (1mg/kg), ASA-moderate dose (10mg/kg) and ASA-high dose (100mg/kg). ASA was intragastrically administered as a single dose, and an open field test was performed 3 hours later. Subsequently, hippocampus tissues were obtained, and the hippocampus tissue structure was analyzed by analyzing the parameters involved in antioxidant capacity, inflammation, apoptosis, and memory. ASA, especially at moderate doses, increased antioxidant capacity and partially reduced inflammation and apoptotic damage. At high doses, the opposite effect was observed, and the damage levels. Similar effects were detected by histological examination. Although there were no structural defects at low or moderate doses, structural defects were observed at high doses. Although there was no difference in the open field test findings between the groups, the time spent in the center, distance traveled, and speed was slightly higher in the ASA moderate-dose group. In conclusion, ASA may contribute to the improvement of cognitive function at low and moderate doses. However, high doses may cause cognitive impairment.
Carvacrol Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Cardiotoxicity By Regulating Notch/Hes1 Signaling Pathway, Oxidative Stress and Cell Death In Rat Cardiac Tissue
(Bingöl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2024) Akaras, Nurhan; Kandemir, Özge; Şimşek, Hasan
Cisplatin is one of the most active cytotoxic agents used mainly in the treatment of solid tumors. High doses and long-term use of Cisplatin are known to cause cardiotoxicity. In recent years, the antiapoptotic and antioxidant effects of Carvacrol in cardiovascular diseases have attracted attention. In this study, the effects of Carvacrol on Cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity in a rat model were investigated using biochemical and histological methods. Twenty-eight rats were divided into 4 groups: 1. Control group, 2. Carvacrol group, 3. Cisplatin group, 4. Cisplatin + Carvacrol group. The expression of antioxidant enzymes, proinflammatory cytokines, apoptotic, and autophagic proteins was examined in heart tissue obtained from rats sacrificed after the last drug administration. Additionally, heart tissue was evaluated histopathologically. Cisplatin has been observed to cause oxidative stress and inflammatory damage in animal heart tissue. Carvacrol administration significantly increased antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) activities while suppressing inflammatory markers (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β). Additionally, Cisplatin induced apoptotic (caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2) and autophagic (Beclin-1, LC3A, LC3B) markers. It has been determined that carvacrol can protect heart tissues from the destructive effects of cisplatin by exerting anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic effects. The expression levels of Notch1 and Hes1, which were decreased by cisplatin administration, were upregulated after administration of Carvacrol. H&E staining results showed that Carvacrol preserved myocardial tissue integrity. In conclusion, Carvacrol showed a cardioprotective effect against cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity.
Empirical Research Investigating the Relationships Between Work Stress, Work Performance, and Mobbing (Psychological Bullying) in Health Institutions
(Kafkas Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, 2024) Keleş, Gökhan; Doğru, Çağlar; İkinci Keleş, Ayşe
This study examines the relationships between work stress, work performance, and mobbing in health institutions. Material and Method: A questionnaire was applied to 272 individuals working in any health institution in Türkiye in 2021 based on voluntary participation with the snowball method. The web-based questionnaires were prepared online using Google Documents. They were sent to the health workers’ social-based addresses together with an introductory letter. The questionnaire was applied in four main sections: demographic information (8 questions), work stress (7 questions), work performance (4 questions), and mobbing (37 questions). Results: The study showed that 36.4% of academics, 30% of secretaries, 28.6% of security staff, 23% of technicians, 22.2% of social workers, 20% of midwives, 19.5% of physicians, and 15.4% of patient carers were exposed to mobbing. In addition, men were more subjected to mobbing than women (p=0.010). Statistically significant differences were determined between the occupational groups regarding work stress scale scores (p=0.001). The group with the highest work stress was security staff, with patient carers being the group with the lowest stress. Women also experienced significantly higher levels of work stress than men (p=0.028). Statistically, significant differences were also observed regarding the number of patients encountered (p=0.035). Work stress was found to increase in line with patient numbers. Analysis of the participants’ work performance showed that such performance was very high. Significant variations were determined between work performance scale scores and the years spent working in the most recent institution (p=0.019). The work performance of participants who had worked for 11–15 years was lower than that of other periods, the highest work performance being observed in participants with 21–25 years of work experience. Conclusion: In conclusion, individuals working in any health institution were found to be exposed to mobbing and to experience work stress in the working environment but exhibited good work performance. No statistically significant association was determined between mobbing and work performance or stress. At the same time, a negative correlation was observed between work performance and work stress.
Nervus ischiadicus variations and clinical importance: A cadaver and MRI study
(Bayrakol MP, 2025) Taş, Ferhat; Özbağ, Davut; Öğetürk, Murat; Maraş Özdemir, Zeynep; Karatoprak, Nur Betül; Çevirgen, Furkan; Arpacı, Furkan; Karataş, Turgay
In this study, the variations, bifurcation levels, morphometric and topographic features of the ischiadicus nerve (NI), which has an important role in its protection, were investigated. Material and Methods: In eighteen cadaver limb dissections, variations related to NI and musculus piriformis (MP) and NI bifurcation levels, morphometric and topographic features of NI were investigated. At the foramen infrapiriforme (FI) exit, the distance between NI and trochanter major (TM), spina iliaca anterior superior (SIAS), crista iliaca (CI), spina iliaca posterior superior (SIPS), hiatus sacralis (HS) and tuber ischiadicum (TI) was measured. NI variations were investigated in 115 hip MRIs of 59 patients in the radiology archives. Results: No variation was encountered in NIs other than Type A, which is the most common and considered normal. In all lower extremities, it was observed that the NI bifurcated in the distal 1/3 of the thigh (Group E). FI-TM: 71 +/- 9.62 mm, FI-SIAS: 129.56 +/- 8.98 mm, FI-CI: 134.6 +/- 6.33 mm, FI-SIPS: 80.77 +/- 10.40 mm, FI-HS: 78.16 +/- 10.54 mm and FI-TI: 55.11 +/- 5.56 mm was found. 115 Magnetic resonance radiographs (MRI) showed Type B variation in 5 hips (4.34%) and Type A variation in the others (95.65%). Discussion: We think that our cadaver and MRI study can serve as a guide during clinical practice and will be useful in reducing NI injuries.

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