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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12451/304

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Travertenlerin donma-çözülme döngüsü sonrasındaki tek eksenli basınç dayanımı kaybının fiziko-mekanik parametreler kullanılarak tahmin edilmesi
(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2024) Mutlu, Mert; Kalkan, Murat
Doğal taşların inşaat sektöründe bir yapı malzemesi olarak kullanımı günden güne bir artış trendi içerisindedir. Travertenin yapısı gereği dayanıklı olması, aşınmaya karşı dirençli olması, ucuz olması, kolay işlenebilmesi ve hafif olması nedeniyle diğer doğal taşlara göre iç ve dış kaplamalarda kullanılabilirliği daha fazladır. Özellikle zorlu atmosferik koşullara sahip soğuk bölgelerde bu taşların dayanıklılığın belirlenebilmesi için donma-çözülme testinin yapılması gerekmektedir. Yapılan bu test sonucu eğer bir doğal taşın tek eksenli basınç dayanımı değeri kaybı %20’den fazla ise bu malzemenin yapı sektöründe kullanılması tavsiye edilmemektedir. Yapılan bu çalışmada Denizli travertenleri için literatürdeki çeşitli fiziko-mekanik parametreler kullanılarak kurulan çoklu regresyon modeliyle bu değer kaybı oranının donma-çözme deneyi yapmadan tahmin edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çoklu regresyon analizi tekniği olarak geriye doğru eleme tekniği tercih edilmiştir. Model denkleminin güvenilirlik değeri (R^2) 0,98 olarak hesaplanmış olup, oldukça yüksektir. Çalışma kapsamında geliştirilen bu model, araştırmacılara Denizli bölgesi travertenlerinin donma-çözülme testi yapmadan tek eksenli basınç dayanımındaki kaybın önceden kolayca, minimum maliyetle kestirebilmesi açısından çok yararlı olacaktır.
Direct flame test performance of boards containing waste undersized pumice materials
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Kalkan, Murat; Erenson, Can
This study investigates the thermal performance of boards containing waste undersize pumice material directly exposed to flame in terms of thermal conductivity coefficient (TCC) and thermal efficiency ratio (TER). In the study, the direct flame was applied for 60 s on the front face of the 400×400×25 mm boards whose weight and density values, void ratio, porosity, and water absorption rates by weight and volume were determined. Because moisture content and porosity are significant factors in defining temperature-related properties of construction materials. The thermal characteristics of the boards were interpreted in this regard in connection to their moisture content and void ratios. At the end of the tests, the temperature difference between the front and back surfaces of the boards containing 10%, 30%, and 50% by weight of pumice stone powder and pumice sand was measured using a laser pyrometer. Compared to the reference sample without pumice, the TCC values decreased to 1.653, 1.649, and 1.540 W/mK, respectively, as a result of the use of pumice products in building materials. Moreover, TER values for the same samples increased to 82.6 %, 83.5 %, and 85.3 %, respectively.
Examining the swelling potential of cohesive soils with high plasticity according to their index properties using GIS
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2024) Kalkan, Murat
As the value ranges presented in the literature with tables and graphs that feature soil index properties related to the soil swelling potential are intertwined, their interpretation may pose certain challenges. In this study, the spatial distribution maps of soil swelling potential were created using soil index data obtained from this research, and those values of ranges from the swelling potential of the study area were assessed by combining all maps, resulting in a single comprehensive map and new limit ranges in the high plasticity cohesive soils. Soils in the study area were evaluated according to the newly determined limit value ranges. The findings show that the high plasticity cohesive soils in the region should have swelling potential in all parameters of the new limit value ranges to show swelling potential. The limit values for high plasticity cohesive soils to demonstrate a high swelling potential are: % natural water content <18, % passing through #200 sieve >90, liquid limit >65, plasticity index >21, swelling pressure >240 kPa, and % swelling percentage >6.
Paleocene-Eocene foraminifera from the Tuz Gölü Basin (Salt Lake Basin, Central Türkiye) and their paleoenvironmental interpretations
(General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), 2024) Görmüş, Muhittin; Yıldız, Mustafa; Bozkurt, Alper; Hakyemez, Aynur
Paleocene-Eocene aged sediments from the east of Tuz Gölü Basin (Central Türkiye) provide significant data for foraminifera contents and their paleoenvironmental clues. They are important in revealing the stratigraphy of the region and the Paleocene-Eocene geological history of Türkiye. The sediments, composed mainly of carbonates, are known as Karapınaryaylası Formation. In this formation, benthic foraminifera representing SBZ2 to SBZ12 biozones corresponding to the Selandian-Late Cuisian time interval were identified in ten measured stratigraphical sections. The zonal interval from the E7 Zone (late Ypresian) to the E10 Zone (Lutetian) is characterized by the marker species of planktonic foraminifera defined in the clayey limestones from the uppermost part. The studied formation is divided into four main facies and eleven sub-microfacies types. The clayey limestone levels of the Karapınaryaylası Formation, which generally starts with a transgressive sequence, contain abundant planktonic foraminifers, while the lithologies of grainstone, packstone and wackestone are rich in benthic foraminifers. Benthic foraminifer assemblages indicate different paleoenvironments from lagoon to back-bank, bank and fore-bank. The obtained foraminiferal data show the Selandian-Lutetian age range and various paleoenvironments from the lagoon to the open sea.
Mineralogy, fluid inclusion and stable isotope characteristics of the Inlice (Konya, Turkey) high sulfidation epithermal gold deposit: Implications for hydrothermal evolution and ore genesis
(Elsevier GmbH, 2024) Terzi, Mustafa Haydar; Yılmazer, Erkan; Kuşcu, İlkay; Oyman, Tolga; Bozan, Sercan
The Inlice high sulfidation epithermal gold deposit with 262,300 oz of gold ore is located in the Erenlerdağ-Alacadağ Volcanic Complex (EAVC) at the northern part of central Taurides. The volcanic succession of the study area is stratigraphically represented by andesite, block and ash flow, basaltic andesite lava flow and andesite lava flow. The deposit consists of seven neighboring mineralized veins termed Ana East, Ana West, West, Discovery, Güllü, Merkez and North Zone and is associated with an andesite (ca 8–9 Ma). Hydrothermal alteration from the innermost to the outermost parts of the deposit includes silicification, advanced argillic, intermediate argillic and propylitic. At the surface, quartz veins related to silicification are exposed as linear topographic relief trending mainly northwest-southeast and secondarily northeast-southwest and east-west. Deep drill core samples, including magnetite, quartz, biotite and anhydrite, imply the presence of potassic alteration in depth (50 to 970 m) possibly related to a porphyry Cu system. Ore assemblages are described as hypogene and supergene. The hypogene ore mainly includes pyrite (Py-I and Py-II) and enargite, and to a lesser extent chalcopyrite, sphalerite and marcasite. The supergene ore incorporates hematite and goethite, and minor covellite, chalcocite, malachite and native copper. Hypogene gold precipitation is associated with the mineral association of Py-II, chalcopyrite and enargite, while enargite mineral is a major host for gold (up to 600 ppm). Supergene oxidation resulted in the development of a secondary enrichment zone for gold (up to 14 g/t) extending to a depth of about 45 m. Microthermometric measurements show that the silicification associated with the mineralization was formed at homogenization temperatures ranging between 147 and 360 °C and salinities up to 6.5 wt% NaCl. This suggests that the fluid mixing and/or fluid dilution processes were important factors controlling the precipitation of gold. ?34S isotope compositions are between ?0.9 and ? 9 ‰, and further indicate a significant involvement of magmatic components into the hydrothermal fluids. Thus, it is concluded that at Inlice the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the alteration and mineralization processes were derived by relatively dilute fluids formed by the mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric waters.
Evaluation of soil pollution by heavy metal using index calculations and multivariate statistical analysis
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Terzi, Mustafa Haydar; Kalkan, Murat
This study aims to assess the extent of heavy metals (HMs) pollution in soil and identify its potential sources using single and integrated pollution index calculations, and multivariate statistical analysis. The HM concentrations of soil samples were analyzed using ICP-MS. The concentrations (mg/kg) of arsenic (As) ranged from 2.8 to 208.1, cadmium (Cd) from 0.1 to 0.3, cobalt (Co) from 1.9 to 20.5, copper (Cu) from 3.7 to 17.7, nickel (Ni) from 14.7 to 110.6, and lead (Pb) from 6.7 to 37.3. High levels of As contents and physicochemical parameters were found in the northeastern parts of the study area, while levels of other HMs were high in the remaining parts. The HM contents of some soil samples exceeded the average values of basalt and limestone in the study area, as well as the upper, bulk, and lower continental crusts, shale, and soil (worldwide). Multiple index methods were used to assess the pollution risk, and it was determined that some soil samples were moderately to considerably contaminated with varying levels of As, Cd, Co, Ni, and Pb. Multivariate statistical analyses provided that the source of HMs contamination in the soil was a result of geogenic and/or anthropogenic activities. Geogenic sources were associated with weathering rock units, while anthropogenic sources were linked to industrial activities, traffic emissions, and agricultural applications.
Fingerprint of magma mixture in the leucogranites: Spectroscopic and petrochemical approach, Kalebalta-Central Anatolia, Türkiye
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2023) Güllü, Bahattin; Akşit, Asuman
Leucogranites of Kalebalta in Central Anatolia are composed of plagioclase, quartz, orthoclase, and biotite and contains mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) in sizes ranging from few cm to 70 cm. In the total alkali-silica diagram, they fall typically in the granite field and show a calc-alkaline nature in the alkalis-iron-magnesium diagram whereas enclaves are Medium K series calc-alkaline, which represents the transition from tholeiitic to calc-alkaline. Leucogranites which have A/CNK(mol%) > 1 are strong peraluminous and seen as the products of magma derived from a metasedimentary source. Signs of magma mixing expressing the mantle inputs are also observed in many bivariation diagrams. Zircon and apatite saturation temperatures calculated on the basis of whole rock chemistry are 744-829°C for leucogranites and 761-832°C for their enclaves. According to the Raman spectra, biotite and plagioclase minerals in leucogranites and their enclaves show similar Raman spectrums. The biotite minerals have Mg-O and/or Fe-O translational (transformation) bonds between 182 and 552 cm-1, Si-O-Si bending between 552 and 1,100 cm-1 and Si-O-Si vibrational bonds between 1,100 and 1,200 cm-1. The results of this study suggest that the leucogranites and enclaves are most probably derived from different magmas. In addition, according to geochemical and spectroscopic data, they may also have fractional crystallization, which is effective after the mixing process.
Hydrogeologic characteristics of groundwater in the Kızılırmak graben (Nevşehir–Turkey) and its evaluation in terms of irrigation water quality
(IWA Publishing, 2023) Demircioğlu, Ramazan; Dursun, Yusuf Gökhan; Demircioğlu, İlknur
In this study, an area of 150 km2 with important settlements and agricultural areas within the Kızılırmak and Kuyulukışla grabens, in the north of Nevşehir province (Turkey), was investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the hydrochemical properties and water quality of the vital groundwater in the study area, determine effective utilisation methods, and make recommendations for sustainable use. From the data obtained as a result of these analyses, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and sodium percentage (%Na) values were calculated and compared with WHO (World Health Organization) and TS-266 (Turkish Standards) quality standards to determine the characteristics of water for human consumption and irrigation for agricultural purposes. Based on these values, Wilcox diagrams and US Salinity Laboratory diagrams were used. According to these evaluations, it was found that sample SMP1 is not suitable for use as drinking water according to the basic parameters in the reference standards, while the other samples are suitable for drinking and human consumption. Electrical conductivity, %Na, SAR values, US Salinity Laboratory, and Wilcox diagrams were used to evaluate the use of water resources for irrigation purposes. According to the results obtained, all samples except sample SMP1 were found to be suitable for use as irrigation water.
Tarihi harç örneklerinin çoklu analitik yöntemler kullanılarak incelenmesi: Tyana Roma Hamamı (Niğde-Kemerhisar) örneği
(Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, 2023) Bilgilioğlu, Hacer
Tarihi yapıları oluşturan yapı malzemeleri genellikle taş, harçlarla yapılan tuğlalar ve ahşaptan oluşmaktadır. Tarihi yapıların restorasyon çalışmalarında ilksel harç bileşenlerinin oranı çok önemli olduğundan harç örneklerinin kimyasal ve dokusal olarak incelenmesi ve bileşenlerin oranlarının saptanması gerekmektedir. Bu sebeple koruma/onarım çalışmalarında jeolojik kökenli malzemenin özelliklerinin bilinmesi oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, Tyana Roma Hamamı’na ait yapıların korunması/onarımına yönelik harç özelliklerinin analitik yöntemlerle tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda pH ve iletkenlik analizi, agregada tane boyutu dağılımı için granülometrik elek analizi, X-Işını Floresans (XRF) analizi, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) spektroskopisi ve petrografik incelemeler yapılmıştır. Petrografik incelemelerde örnekler içerisinde bağlayıcı, mineraller ve litik bileşenler tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca yapılan XRD analiz sonuçlarında mineral ve bağlayıcı özelliklerinin petrografik özelliklerle uyumlu olduğu görülmektedir. Örneklerin ana agrega içeriğinin kil/silt malzeme olduğu, iletkenlik ve pH analiz sonuçlarına göre ise harç örneklerinin yüksek derecede toplam tuz içeriklerine sahip, bazik özellikte olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Jeokimyasal analiz sonuçlarında ise örneklerin kireç türünün zayıf hidrolik kireç ile hidrolik kireç özellikte olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen tüm analiz sonuçları ile Roma Hamamı koruma/onarım çalışmalarında kullanılabilecek veriler üretilmiştir.
Mineralogical-petrographical features, geochemical characteristics, and S isotope variability of Pb-Zn deposits in the Sakarya fragment of the Biga Peninsula (NW Türkiye)
(TÜBİTAK, 2023) Demirela, Gökhan; Akiska, Sinan; Akiska, Elif
The Biga Peninsula in northwestern Anatolia, a part of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt, has a complex geology that was formed following the closure of the northern branch of the Neotethys. Intense volcanism and plutonism in the area from the Eocene to the Middle Miocene period caused several Pb-Zn-Cu±Ag±Au deposits to form. The geometry of the mineralizations is largely made up of polymetallic veins, manto-chimneys, and irregular replacement bodies. Ore-bearing and host rocks in the mineralization zones and the wall rocks outside the mineralization zones were compiled in this study. The most common minerals in the skarn zones are garnet, pyroxene, amphibole, epidote, chlorite, quartz, and calcite, while quartz, calcite, and sericite are formed in the hydrothermal alteration zones. Based on the geochemical analyses, the granitoidic rocks are granodiorite, whereas the volcanic rocks are dacite, andesite, trachyandesite, and basaltic andesite. According to the skarn-forming features, the Biga plutons have chemical characteristics that can form Pb-Zn, Cu, Fe, and Au skarns. The carbonate units in the area are made up of marble (fresh), marble (in the alteration zone), and ore calcite. The geochemical analyses of the carbonate units indicate that in composition the fresh marble is almost pure CaCO3. However, the marble in the alteration zone has higher SiO2, Fe2O3, MgO, and MnO contents than that of the fresh marble. These values are higher in ore calcite. The metasandstones mostly consist of arkose and may have contributed to the main mineralization as they have initial ore element enrichment. According to a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) result, three different element groups were detected, these being Sb, Rb, Zr, Ag, Y, Mo, Hg, and Nb (increased during alteration), Sr and Ba (decreasing in alteration), and Cu, Au, As, and Cd (mineralization-related). Rare earth element (REE) characteristics indicate that hydrothermal fluids, responsible for the formation of the Biga Peninsula Pb-Zn deposits, are characterized by very low REE concentrations, and consequently the origin of these fluids is predominantly meteoric. The ?REE, (Pr/Yb)cn, Ce/Ce* values (8.63–24.79 ppm, 2.84–8.23, 0.38–0.82, respectively) of the marble in the alteration zone and ore-bearing skarns (3.34–27.20 ppm, 2.32–5.87, 0.36–0.83) support the findings of the meteoric contribution. Based on the similarities of the general trends and the abundances of REE elements in ore-bearing skarns and wall rocks, it is thought that wall rocks may have contributed part of the lead. The ?34S isotope compositions of galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite fall into a narrow range of around 0‰. This data indicates that the sulfur in the Pb-Zn±Cu sulfides in the Biga Peninsula is of magmatic origin (?34Smin:–5.5,?34Smax:5.2,?34Savg:–0.7;n:40). According to the ?34S values, the mineralizations occurred under intermediate sulfidation conditions, in a reducing environment with H2S-dominant fluids with a near neutral pH value.
İnönü Dönemi’nde Türkiye Madenciliği (1939-1950)
(Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 2023) Terzi, Mustafa Haydar
Bu çalışmada İsmet İnönü’nün Cumhurbaşkanlığı yıllarına tesadüf eden dönemde Türkiye’de madencilik alanında uygulanan politikaların ortaya konulması ve bu politikaların maden arama faaliyetleri, üretim, ihracat, istihdam ve millî gelire etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda nitel ve nicel veriler ışığında karma araştırma yöntemiyle hazırlanan ve İkinci Dünya Savaşı öncesi, sırası ve sonrasında olmak üzere üç ayrı tarih aralığını kapsayan çalışmanın ana kaynaklarını, Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi tutanakları ile Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü Mecmuası makaleleri oluşturmaktadır. Cumhuriyet’in ilk on beş yıllık döneminde Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk önderliğinde ülkeyi kuran kadrolar siyasi bağımsızlık kadar ekonomik bağımsızlığa da önem vermiş ve bu kapsamda ülkenin yeraltı zenginliklerinin ülke lehine kullanılması politikasını benimsemiştir. Bu doğrultuda madenciliği ilgilendiren birçok hukuki düzenlemelerin yapılmasının yanında bu alanda faaliyet gösterecek birçok kurum da tesis edilmiştir. Böylece madencilik sektöründe zorlu dönem şartlarına rağmen önemli atılımlar gerçekleştirilirken sonraki dönemler için de sağlam bir altyapı oluşturulmuştur. Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün vefatından sonraki Cumhurbaşkanı İsmet İnönü Dönemi’nde 9 farklı hükûmet görev yapmıştır. Bu dönemde görev yapan hükûmetlerin madencilik politikalarına bakışı iç ve dış koşullar doğrultusunda şekillenmiştir. Hükûmetler, ülkenin gelişimi için ihtiyaç duyulan ham madde ve yakıtın karşılanması, bütçe dengesinin sağlanması ve ülkeye döviz getirisi temin edilmesi açısından madenciliğe önem vermiştir. 1939-1945 arasında süre gelen İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın getirdiği olumsuzluklara rağmen madencilik alanında büyük ölçüde önceki dönemlerde uygulanan devlet öncülüğündeki çalışmalara benzer bir yaklaşım sergilenmiştir. Savaşın sona ermesiyle ortaya çıkan siyasi konjonktür ve getirdiği yeni ekonomik düzen hükûmetlerin ekonomi ve dolayısıyla madencilik politikalarını da etkilemiş ve akabinde önemli değişimler yaşanmaya başlamıştır. Böylece savaş sonrasında hükûmetler, dış yardım, yerli ve yabancı özel girişimcilerin teşvik edilmesi ve desteklenmesi yoluyla madencilik faaliyetlerinin geliştirmeyi düşünmüşlerdir.
İnlice (Konya-Türkiye) Yüksek Sülfidasyon Epitermal Altın Yatağının Jeolojisi, Alterasyonu ve Jeokimyasal Karakteristikleri
(TMMOB Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası, 2023) Terzi, Mustafa Haydar; Kuşçu, İlkay; Bozan, Sercan
İnlice yüksek sülfidasyon epitermal altın yatağı, Erenlerdağ-Alacadağ Volkanik Kompleksi (EAVK) içerisinde ve Konya ilinin yaklaşık 40 km güneybatısında yer almaktadır. Çalışma alanında stratigrafik konumlarına göre alttan üste doğru andezit, blok ve kül akıntısı, bazaltik andezit lav akıntısı ve andezit lav akıntısı olmak üzere dört birime ayrılan volkanik ve volkano-sedimanter kayaçlar, yamaç molozu ve alüvyonlar tarafından uyumsuz olarak örtülürler. Andezitler içerisinde gözlenen alterasyonların merkezinden dışa doğru sırasıyla kovuklu-şeker ve kalsedonik/opalin dokulu kuvars damarlarından oluşan silisleşmeler, ileri arjilik, ortaç arjilik ve piropilitik alterasyon zonları tanımlanmıştır. Bu alterasyon topluluklarına ek olarak sadece Merkez Zonun derin kesimlerinde gözlenen manyetit, kuvars, biyotit ve anhidrit içerikli potasik bir alterasyon zonu da tanımlanmıştır. Cevherleşmeler, yaygın olarak pirit daha az oranda enarjit, kalkopirit, kalkosin, kovellin, sfalerit ve markazit gibi sülfid mineralleri ile temsil edilmektedir. Petrografik olarak altın taneleri özellikle sülfid minerallerinin oksidasyona maruz kaldığı kesimlerde saçınımlı olarak 2 ile 6 µm arası boyutlarda gözlenmektedir.Alterasyon zonlarındaki jeokimyasal değişimin derecesi silisleşmelerden piropilitik alterasyona doğru azalmakta olup, bu değişim, alterasyon zonlarında gözlenen mineralojik değişimle uyumludur. Bununla birlikte taze andezitlerden ileri arjilik alterasyon ve silisleşmelere doğru özellikle As, Sb, Bi, Ag ve Au gibi elementler zenginleşme gösterirken, Zn ve Ni’deki fakirleşmeler belirginleşmektedir. Ayrıca yapılan çalışmalar kalsedonik/opalin dokulu kuvars damarlarındaki Pb ile ileri arjilik alterasyon ve silisleşmelerdeki düşük Rb/Sr değerlerinin en azından İnlice bölgesi için jeokimyasal bir kılavuz olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
Aksaray İlinin Güneybatısındaki Toprakların Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Değerlendirilmesi
(Ertuğrul Ağırbaş, 2023) Kalkan, Murat; Terzi, Mustafa Haydar
Bu çalışma da Aksaray-Adana E-90 karayolunun çevresinde yerleşim yerleri, eğitim (üniversite), sanayi ve tarımsal faaliyetlerin sürdürüldüğü bölgede yer alan toprakların jeokimyasal olarak ağır metal içeriklerinin belirlenmesi ve ulusal-uluslararası belirlenmiş standartlarla karşılaştırılarak ağır metal kirliliğinin boyutlarının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda 15 adet toprak örneği alınmış, bu örneklerin arsenik (As), kadmiyum (Cd), kobalt (Co), bakır (Cu), nikel (Ni) ve kurşun (Pb) içerikleri indüktif olarak eşleştirilmiş plazma-kütle spektrometresi (ICP-MS) cihazı kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre As içerikleri 2 ile 212,8 mg/kg, Cd içerikleri 0,1 ile 0,4 mg/kg, Co içerikleri 1,4 ile 19,1 mg/kg, Cu içerikleri 5,1 ile 39,6 mg/kg, Ni içerikleri 12,4 ile 110,7 mg/kg ve Pb içerikleri 7,6 ile 53,2 mg/kg arasında bulunmuştur. Analiz sonuçları çalışma alanındaki bazı toprak örneklerinin Avusturya, Belçika, Hollanda, İsviçre, Türkiye ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütüne ait toprakta belirlenen sınır değerlere göre As, Ni ve Pb açısından, üst kıtasal kabuk, dünya toprak ve şeyl gibi jeolojik ortalama değerlere göre ise As, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni ve Pb açısından zenginleştiğini göstermiştir. Bu karşılaştırmaların yanında jeo-birikim indeksi (Igeo) hesaplamalarına göre ise çalışma alanındaki topraklarda As, Cd, Ni ve Pb kirliliği olduğu belirlenmiştir. Igeo hesaplamalarında Co ve Cu açısından ise belirli alanlarda artış eğilimi olmasına rağmen önemli bir derecede kirlenme gözlenmemiştir.
Geology, Alteration and Geochemical Characteristics of Inlice (Konya-Turkey) High Sulphidation Epithermal Gold Deposit
(TMMOB Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası, 2023) Terzi, Mustafa Haydar; Yılmazer, Erkan; Kuşçu, İlkay; Bozan, Sercan
Inlice high sulphidation epithermal gold deposit is located in the Erenlerdag-Alacadag Volcanic Complex (EAVC), approximately 40 km southwest of Konya city centre. The volcanic and volcano-sedimentary rocks seen in the study area are andesite, block and ash flow, basaltic andesite lava flow and andesite lava flow, from oldest to youngest. The youngest units unconformably covering the volcanic and volcano-sedimentary rocks are talus and alluvium. Four different alteration zones in the andesites moving from the centre of the alteration toward fresh rock are i) silicified zones (consisting of vuggy-sugary and chalcedonic/opaline quartz veins), ii) advanced argillic alteration, iii) intermediate argillic and iv) propylitic alteration. In addition, a potassic alteration zone consisting of magnetite, quartz, biotite and anhydrite was identified in the deep part of the Merkez Zone. The mineralisation is commonly represented by pyrite, and to a lesser extent enargite, chalcopyrite, covellite, chalcocite, sphalerite and marcasite. Petrographically, the fine-grained gold grains (between 2-6 mu m) are only observed in areas where sulphide minerals are oxidised. The degree of geochemical variation in the alteration zones decreases from silicified zones to propylitic alteration, and this variation is largely consistent with the mineralogies observed in these zones. Moreover, enrichment in As, Sb, Bi, Ag and Au, and depletion in Zn and Ni are especially notable from fresh/least altered andesites towards advanced argillic alteration and silicified zones. In addition, studies showed that the high Pb value in chalcedonic/opaline textured quartz veins and low Rb/Sr value in advanced argillic alteration and silicified zones can be used as a geochemical guide, at least for the Inlice region.
Geochemical investigation of soil quality in terms of toxic elements using an AHP-based index
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2023) Yılmazer, Erkan; Terzi, Mustafa Haydar
In this study, a new Ecological Soil Pollution Index (ESPI) and the associated classification system for this index have been proposed to determine the pollution potential of soil. ESPI was designed using eight elements, namely arsenic, lead, cadmium, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium and cobalt. ESPI, calculated based on the AHP method, is categorized into four classes inspired by the recommendation of some international organizations such as World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization. ESPI classes based on performance scores of samples are “No pollution,” “Low pollution risk,” “Medium pollution risk” and “High pollution risk.” According to ESPI calculations, the element with the highest efficiency in the hierarchy is arsenic with a weight ratio of 32%, whereas the lowest values are 3.4% and 2.4% for chromium and cobalt, respectively. 5.5% of the soil samples have a high pollution risk, 5.5% medium pollution and 40.7% low pollution risk, whereas 48.3% do not have a pollution risk. Based on the distribution maps, the areas with high pollution potential are located in the north, northwest and southeast of the study area, which is due to the high arsenic, lead and cadmium weight values in the model hierarchy. The correlation coefficients between ESPI and some other indexes indicate that ESPI can produce similar results to them. As a result, ESPI is a user-friendly method that can produce reliable results by combining large numbers of data under a single score.
Aksaray ili obruk duyarlılık haritasının Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ve Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHS) yöntemleri ile oluşturulması
(Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, 2023) Bilgilioğlu, Süleyman Sefa; Bilgilioğlu, Hacer
Afetler, can ve mal kayıpları gibi büyük zararlara yol açan beklenmedik ve istenmedik durumlardır. Doğal afetlere örnek olarak deprem, sel, heyelan, çığ ve obruklar gösterilebilir. Önemli bir afet türü olan obruklar meydana geldiği alanda ciddi güvenlik sorunları meydana getirmektedir. Tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de, yeraltı su kaynaklarının giderek azalması, iklim özelliklerini hesaba katmadan yapılan yoğun tarımsal faaliyetler ve bunlara ek olarak ilgili bölgelerin jeolojik yapısı gibi faktörler obruk oluşma riski bulunan alanlarda sorunlar ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Can ve mal kaybına yol açan, kontrol edilemeyen ve aniden gelişen obruk olayları tamamen engellenemese de, önlem alabilmek mümkündür. Bu çalışmada Aksaray ilinde hızla sayısı artan obrukların mekânsal olabilirliğini tahmin eden ve gösteren duyarlılık haritalarının oluşturulması amacı ile Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ve Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHS) yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Literatür çalışmaları ve uzman görüşleri dikkate alınarak duyarlılık haritası oluşturmak için 12 kriter belirlenmiş, kriter önem dereceleri AHS ile hesaplanmış ve obruk duyarlılık haritası oluşturulmuştur.
Investigation of temporal variation of groundwater salinity potential using AHP-based index
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Güllü, Özlem; Kavurmacı, Murat
In this study, a Groundwater Salinity Index (GSI) was developed to monitor the salinity potential and water quality of freshwater aquifers adjacent to Lake Tuz, one of the world’s hypersaline lakes. The hierarchical structure of the index was designed by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process and eight different parameters that cause groundwater salinity. In addition to the index, a classification system based on GSI scores is proposed that evaluates salinity potential in three different categories as “high,” “medium,” and “low.” In order to evaluate the temporal variation of salinity potential, the GSI was applied to the results of the water chemistry analysis carried out in 2012 and 2019. Prediction maps showing the salinity potential were obtained using GSI scores and the Kriging interpolation process. According to the index scores and maps, it was determined that the salinity potential rose towards the inner parts of the region because of the increasing salinity rate of groundwater as approximately 15%. The fields with the highest salinity potential are concentrated in the western regions along the shore of Lake Tuz. The groundwater closer to the lake has the characteristics of NaCl facies. Due to the mixing of NaCl and CaHCO3 water facies at various rates, different water types have emerged in the region. Freshwater aquifers located close to Lake Tuz were mainly contaminated by Lake Tuz and the groundwater that has a high salt content as a result of water–rock interaction.
Origin and geodynamic implications of basaltic rocks intercalated with Miocene turbidites around the Iskenderun Basin (Eastern Mediterranean / Turkey)
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd., 2023) Akıncı, Ahmet C.; Nurlu, Nusret; Güney, Ayşegül
We report a detailed investigation and the geodynamic implications of a basaltic lava flow that is intercalated with the early-middle Miocene turbiditic sedimentary rocks (Karatas, Formation) that are exposed near the Iskenderun Basin in southern Turkey. In order to reveal the age and origin of the basaltic rocks, we systematically sampled clastic samples from measured sedimentary sections, which include the basaltic lava flow, from around Ceyhan (east of Adana city). Forty different species belonging to 14 calcareous nannoplankton genera were identified in the samples, representing the Langhian-Tortonian (middle-late Miocene) time interval. Considering the stratigraphic distribution of the calcareous nannoplankton species in the section, the age of the basaltic lava flow is determined to be Serravallian (middle Miocene). The basaltic rocks experienced only minor magmatic evolution and have a restricted compositional range. Analysed in situ major element contents (from electron microprobe analysis, EMPA) for minerals (plagioclase, olivine and clinopyroxene) hosted by the late Miocene basaltic rocks show that they originated in an intraplate setting. Geochemical analysis indicates that olivine have Fo (forsterite) compositions between 57.81% and 83.83%. The EMPA contents (primarily based on pyroxenes) suggests that the late Miocene volcanism was related to the Pleistocene Delihalil-Turunclu basaltic volcanism. The studied late Miocene volcanism could have originated in two possible tectono-magmatic environments: 1) one involving collisional tectonics (e.g., folding) combined with a change from regional compression to strikeslip; or 2) an intraplate setting. We propose that the tectonic setting of the late Miocene basaltic lava flow was similar to that of the extensive Pleistocene Delihalil volcanism in the same region. This would extend the onset of the regional basaltic volcanism back to the middle-late Miocene, rather than being restricted to the Pleistocene-Quaternary.
Magmatic signature of the closure of the north ern branch of the Neo-Tethys: upper paleocene-middle eocene magmatism at the boundary of the TavêanlÏ Sakarya Zone (Turkey)
(Polish Geological Institute, 2022) Güllü, Bahattin; Kadıoğlu, Yusuf Kağan
Nu mer ous plutons com posed of gran ite, granodiorite, diorite-por phyry, monzonite, granodiorite-por phyry and diorite/microdiorite-por phyry oc cur at the bound ary of the TavêanlÏ-Sakarya Zone, in the east ern part of the north west ern Ana to lian mag matic belt, Tur key. These rocks be long to two dif fer ent types: A me dium-K calc-al ka line granodiorite se ries (with as so ci ated dykes and sub-vol ca nic rocks) and a shoshonitic se ries of gran ites. The rocks of the shoshonitic se ries have SiO2 from 67.5 to 75.6 wt.% with Mg# from 35.1 to 59.5, whereas the me dium-K calc-al ka line se ries rocks have SiO2 be tween 54.6 and 67.7 wt.% with Mg# from 43.5 to 60.8. There is a clear en rich ment of LILE with re spect to the HFSE in all mag matic units of the re gion. These mag matic rocks re flect prop er ties of col li sion-re lated arc magmatism in the var i ous geo chem i cal dis crim i na tion di a grams. The ini tial 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd istopic ra tios of the mag matic units range from 0.705506 to 0.710902 and 0.512178 to 0.512594, re spec tively. Col li sion-re lated granitoids yielded a 40Ar/39Ar cool ing age age of 59.13 ±1.87 Ma, and arc-re lated granitoids and as so ci ated sub-vol ca nic units 44.3 ±0.47 and 44.11 ±0.89 Ma. The data ob tained re vealed that con ti nent-con ti nent col li sion in the Paleocene to gether with the ini ti a tion of the clo sure of the Neo-Tethys took place be tween the Anatolide-Tauride Plat form and Sakarya Plate from the end of the Cre ta ceous. The shoshonotic gran ite may cooled in the Mid dle Paleocene, as re gards the subduction-ac cre tion zone in which subduction im pacts have been observed. The me dium-K calc-al ka line mag matic prod ucts in the re gion were formed by par tial melt ing of the con ti nen tallithospheric man tle caused by the upwelling of asthenospheric man tle af ter the subducted slab was de lami nated.
Nature and crystallization stages of spherulites within the obsidian: Acıgöl (Cappadocia-Nevşehir, Turkey)
(TUBITAK, 2022) Güllü, Bahattin; Deniz, Kıymet
The study area comprises a part of the Central Anatolian Cenozoic volcanism within the Cappadocia Volcanic Province (CVP). Obsidian, perlite rhyolite flows, and volcanic ashes are observed in the study area and the spherulites within the obsidian are the objects of this study. The spherulites occupied within the obsidian in the form of round nodules 0.5–10 cm in diameter. The confocal Raman spectra of feldspar minerals within the spherulites are characterized by T-O-T and M-O lattice modes in the range of 100–250 cm–1, O-T-O deformation and T-O-T lattice modes in the range of 250–350 cm–1, and O-T-O stretch and O-T-O deformation modes in the range of 400–600 cm–1 and cristobalite minerals are remarkable with their weak peaks at the 296.5 cm–1 and 411.1 cm–1 Raman shifts. The geothermometer studies in the plagioclase minerals which are oligoclase and andesine in composition suggest that the spherulites may have 600–650 °C crystallization temperature. The temperature range shows that the spherulites start the first crystallization at the glass transition (Tg) levels and then continue to grow up to below Tg levels and brown rings are associated with Fe-oxidation development at the last stage.

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