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    From bio-waste to biomaterials: The eggshells of Chinese oak silkworm as templates for SERS-active surfaces
    (Elsevier B.V., 2021) Zang, Lian-Sheng; Chen, Yong-Ming; Koç Bilican, Behlül; Bilican, İsmail; Şakir, Menekşe; Wait, James; Çolak, Arzu; Karaduman, Tuğçe; Ceylan, Ahmet; Ali, Asad; Elbuken, Çağlar; Önses, M. Serdar; Kaya, Murat
    Although over 80% of the world's existing animal species are insects, with each of these species having unique eggshell morphologies, limited information is available regarding the use of their eggshells in material science applications. The present research discusses using discarded eggshells of the Chinese oak silkworm (Antheraea pernyi) as a technological material. The 3-dimensional aspects of the insect's eggshell were examined in detail, demonstrating the complexity of their novel surface morphology. The outer surface of the eggshell was comprised of a hexagonal structure, whereas the inner surface consists of a mostly smooth surface. Distinctive layers of the eggshell were observed when cross sections of the surface were analyzed. The elastic modulus of the inner part of the eggshell is substantially greater than that of the outer part. The physicochemical properties of the eggshell were characterized and no toxic properties were found. The hexagonal structures found on the outer surface of the eggshell provide a highly suitable template for silver nanostructure deposition. The resulting silver decorated surfaces can be used to detect molecules via surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects. The deposition of silver renders the surface antimicrobial, whereas the original surface was microbial. Collectively, the insights gained in this study will be key in developing advanced engineering applications of the insect eggshells.
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    Macroporous surgical mesh from a natural cocoon composite
    (American Chemical Society, 2022) Chen, Yong-Ming; Zang, Lian-Sheng; Koç-Bilican, Behlül; Bilican, İsmail; Holland, Chris; Cansaran-Duman, Demet; Karaduman, Tuğçe; Çolak, Arzu
    Recently, traditional polymer-based surgical meshes have drawn unwanted attention as a result of host tissue complications arising from infection, biocompatibility, and mechanical compatibility. Seeking an alternative solution, we present a hierarchically structured nanofibrous surgical mesh derived from the naturally woven cocoon of the Japanese giant silkworm, termed MothMesh. We report that it displays nontoxicity, biocompatibility, suitable mechanical properties, and porosity while showing no adverse effect in animal trials and even appears to enhance cell proliferation. Hence, we assert that the use of this natural material may provide an effective and improved alternative to existing synthetic meshes.
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    Production of natural chitin film from pupal shell of moth: Fabrication of plasmonic surfaces for SERS-based sensing applications
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Chen, Yong-Ming; Pekdemir, Sami; Bilican, İsmail; Koç Bilican, Behlül; Çakmak, Betül; Ali, Asad; Zang, Lian-Sheng; Önses, M. Serdar; Kaya, Murat
    Commercially available types of chitin or chitin isolate are usually in powder form and are nanofibrous in microstructure. However, the surface characteristics of natural chitin in the body of insects are currently understudied. Herein, natural chitin film was successfully produced from bio-waste of insect pupae of the Japanese giant silkworm. Two different surface morphologies of the chitin film were observed. We report for the first time a micropapillary surface structure of chitin which was observed on the dorsal side of the film. To further potential of the micropapillary structured natural chitin in sensing applications, we develop a protocol for generating a nanoscopic film of Ag using thermal evaporation. The Ag-deposited natural chitin films exhibited surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity to an extent depending on the structure of the film. In conclusion, materials science has been expanded by addition of a natural, three-dimensional chitin film with utilizable properties.