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Öğe An inclusive physicochemical comparison of natural and synthetic chitin films(Elsevier, 2018) Kaya, Murat; Salaberria, Asier M.; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Labidi, Jalel; Baran, Talat; Mulercikas, Povilas; Duman, FatihNatural and synthetic chitin films, obtained from the same source were produced and their physicochemical properties were examined comparatively. Firstly, natural chitin film was obtained from elytra of an insect (Oryctes nasicornis L) and purity of the obtained chitin film (degree of acetylation: 79 +/- 2%) was demonstrated by solid state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (C-13 NMR). Then, the synthetic film was produced by dissolving of natural chitin film in LiCl-DMAc. The obtained natural and synthetic films were characterized by AFM, TGA, DSC, FTIR, mechanical properties, light transmission and contact angle. The analyses result demonstrated that natural chitin film lost very important properties such as high thermal stability, transparency, nanofibrous nature, tensile strength, Young's modulus and hydrophobicity after transforming the synthetic film. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Antioxidative and antimicrobial edible chitosan films blended with stem, leaf and seed extracts of Pistacia terebinthus for active food packaging(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2018) Kaya, Murat; Khadem, Sanaz; Çakmak, Yavuz Selim; Mujtaba, Muhammad; İlk, Sedef; Akyüz, Lalehan; Salaberria, Asier M.; Labidi, Jalel; Abdulqadir, Ako Hamasaeed; Deligöz, EnginMethanol extracts of stem, leaf, and seed obtained from Pistacia terebinthus which are rich in phenolic compounds were used for the first time to produce chitosan-based antioxidative and antimicrobial films. All the produced films were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, DSC, SEM, contact angle measurements, and UV-Vis spectroscopy and mechanically. As was expected, incorporation of the plant extracts into chitosan films enhanced the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities effectively. Also, the elasticity of chitosan-seed and chitosan-stem films was improved. The eco-friendly nature of the produced blend films was determined through soil and water degradation analyses. All these findings lead to the conclusion that the produced blend films with Pistacia terebinthus extracts can be applied as alternative food packaging material.Öğe Changes in physicochemical properties of chitin at developmental stages (larvae, pupa and adult) of Vespa crabro (wasp)(Elsevier Ltd., 2016) Kaya, Murat; Sofi, Karwan; Sargın, İdris; Mujtaba, MuhammadIt is already known that chitin in a single organism can exhibit huge differences depending on the functions it serves in different body parts, but the alterations in the characteristics of chitin in course of developmental stages of an organism still remain unknown. This study presents findings on how chitin matrix is changing physicochemically through discrete morphological stages - larva, pupa and adult - of an insect (Vespa crabro). Chitin content of the organisms were found to increase gradually as the organism grew; 2.1, 6.2 and 10.3%, with a dramatic increase in chitin deposition (nearly 3 folds) during the instar from larva to pupa. Enzymatic digestion test demonstrated that chitin isolates were close to pure. Chitin isolates were also subjected to thermal pyrolysis and no variations were observed in the thermal stability of the samples. However, it was observed that surface characteristics of chitin changed greatly as the insect grew.Öğe Chitosan loses innate beneficial properties after being dissolved in acetic acid: Supported by detailed molecular modeling(American Chemical Society, 2020) Bilican, İsmail; Pekdemir, Sami; Önses, Mustafa Serdar; Akyüz, Lalehan; Altuner, Ergin Murat; Koç Bilican, Behlül; Zang, Liansheng; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Muler?ikas, Povilas; Kaya, MuratChitosan, which is obtained via deacetylation of chitin, has a variety of uses in agriculture, food, medicine, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Industrial chitosan is in a gel form, which is produced by dissolving in acetic acids. These gels can be chitosan-only films or composite films that include other ingredients such as plant extracts or other polymers. Chitosan-based films, however, are not as natural as chitosan dissolved in weak acids, and they lack some of chitosan's innate properties. In this study, natural chitosan films (NCFs) were obtained from the pupa shells of black soldier flies through a process that maintains the original structure. The semisynthetic film (SCF) was then produced by dissolving the same NCF in acetic acid along with glycerol and glutaraldehyde. The semisynthetic film remarkably lost the beneficial properties of the natural film. The deteriorated characteristics include hydrophobicity, crystallinity, thermal properties, as well as a loss of fibril structure and a reduction in bacterial attachment. Moreover, the Ag-deposited NCFs manifested strikingly higher surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity as compared with the semisynthetic ones. These results, including the molecular modeling data, demonstrate that dissolving chitosan in acetic acid changes its polymeric structure. © 2020 American Chemical Society.Öğe Chitosan-based delivery systems for plants: A brief overview of recent advances and future directions(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Mujtaba, Muhammad; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood; Camara, Marcela Candido; Carvalho, Lucas Bragança; Fraceto, Leonardo Fernandes; Morsi, Rania E.; Elsabee, Maker Z.; Kaya, Murat; Labidi, Jalel; Ullah, Hidayat; Wang, DepengChitosan has been termed as the most well-known among biopolymers, receiving widespread attention from researchers in various fields mainly, agriculture, food, and health. Chitosan is a deacetylated derivative of chitin, mainly isolated from waste shells of the phylum Arthropoda after their consumption as food. Chitosan molecules can be easily modified for adsorption and slow release of plant growth regulators, herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers, etc. Chitosan as a carrier and control release matrix that offers many benefits including; protection of biomolecules from harsh environmental conditions such as pH, light, temperatures and prolonged release of active ingredients from its matrix consequently protecting the plant's cells from the hazardous effects of burst release. In the current review, tends to discuss the recent advances in the area of chitosan application as a control release system. Also, future recommendations will be made in light of current advancements and major gapsÖğe Current advancements in chitosan-based film production for food technology; A review(Elsevier Science Bv., 2019) Mujtaba, Muhammad; Morsi, Rania Elsayed; Kerch, Garry M.; Elsabee, Maher Zaki; Kaya, Murat; Labidi, Jalel; Khawar, Khalid MahmoodChitosan is obtained from chitin, which could be considered to be the most abundant polymer after cellulose. Owing to these properties, chitosan alone or chitosan-based composite film production is attaining huge attention in terms of applications from researchers and industrialists coming from divergent fields. To enhance the biological (mainly antimicrobial and antioxidant) and physiological (mainly mechanical, thermal and barrier) attributes of the chitosan-based films, a vast medley of plant extracts and supporting polymers has been blended into chitosan films. Considering the up to date literature reports based on chitosan film production and applications, it can be stated that still, the research ratio is low in this field. Chitosan blend/composite films with specific properties (superhydrophobicity, excellent mechanical strength, acceptable barrier properties) can be produced only for specific applications in food technology. In the current review, we tried to summarize the advancements made in the last 5-7 years in the field of chitosan film technology for its application in the food industry.Öğe Çınar ağacı (Platanus oreintalis) poleninden elde edilen mikro kapsüllere parasetamol yüklenmesi ve salınım özelliklerinin araştırılması(Aksaray Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2016) Mujtaba, Muhammad; Kaya, MuratBitki polenlerinin dış kısmında bulunan yapı (sporopolen), ilacın kapsüllenmesi için yüklenebilir bir materyaldir. Platanus orıentalıs'in polenlerinden sporopolen mikro kafesler üretilmiştir. Burada, P. orıentalıs ağacından sporopolen mikro kafesler, asit ve baz içeren muamelelerle iç kısmındaki materyaller çıkarılarak üretilmiştir. Parasetamol, en yaygın kullanılan analjezik ilaçlardan biridir ve sporopolen mikro kafeslere enkapsule edilmiştir. Ayrıca polenler, sporopolenler, parasetamol ve parasetamol yüklü sporopolen mikro kafesler ayrı ayrı FT-IR, TGA ve SEM ile karakterize edilmiştir. Analitik analizler, sporopolen mikro kafeslerin yapısal olarak sağlam ve yüksek ağsı yapıda olduğunu ayrıca yüksek termal kararlılığa sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Sporopolen mikro kafeslerin, pasif yükleme tekniği ve evaporator ile yükleme tekniği kullanılarak yüklenme etkinliği sırasıyla %8.24 ve %23.7 olarak saptanmıştır. Sporopolen mikro kafeslerin yüklenme için uygunluğu ile salınım ve kinetik çalışmaları pH=1.2 ve 7.4 olan in vitro koşullarda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmalar, P. orıentalıs sporopolenlerinin ilaç yüklenmesi ve kontrollü salınımı çalışmaları için uygun bir taşıyıcı olduğunu ortaya konulmuştur.Öğe Detailed adsorption mechanism of plasmid DNA by newly isolated cellulose from waste flower spikes of Thypa latifolia using quantum chemical calculations(Elsevıer Scıence Bv, 2017) Mujtaba, Muhammad; Kaya, Murat; Akyüz, Lalehan; Erdönmez, Demet; Akyüz, Bahar; Sargın, İdrisCurrent study was designed to use the newly obtained cellulose from waste flower spikes of Thypa latifolia plant for plasmid DNA adsorption. Cellulose was isolated according to a previously described method including acid and base treatment, and cellulose content was recorded as 17%. T. latifolia cellulose was physicochemically characterized via FT-IR, TGA and SEM techniques. Detailed mechanism of plasmid DNA adsorption by newly isolated cellulose was described using chemical quantum calculations. To check the effect of Cu++ immobilization on the affinity of cellulose for plasmid DNA, copper ions were immobilized onto T. latifolia cellulose. pUC18 plasmid DNA was used for adsorption studies. Membranes prepared with only T. latifolia cellulose and Cu++ immobilized T. latifolia cellulose revealed different adsorption ratios as 43.9 and 86.9% respectively. This newly isolated cellulose from waste flower spikes of T. latifolia can be utilized as a suitable carrier for plasmid DNA. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Determination of bovine serum albumin adsorption capacity of newly obtained cellulose extracted from glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)(Wıley, 2018) Mujtaba, Muhammad; Sargın, İdris; Kaya, MuratExploration of biodegradable and renewable composites ingredients is of great importance. Up to now, roots extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra has been used for different medicinal purposes but remaining cellulose-rich residues have not been evaluated for isolation of any green materials like cellulose. Here in this study, cellulose was successfully isolated from the roots of G. glabra by using conventional cellulose extraction method. The obtained product was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. FT-IR and XRD analyses confirmed the identity of the product. The crystallinity index of cellulose isolates was calculated from XRD data as 70%. The cellulose content of the roots on dry basis was recorded as 48.5%. Three types of surface morphologies were observed: smooth non-porous surface, surface with fibril bundles, and porous surface having thin cellulose fibrils. In addition, bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption capacity of G. glabra cellulose was determined and compared with that of commercial cellulose. Newly obtained cellulose from the roots of G. glabra exhibited a higher affinity for BSA protein at neutral pH. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Öğe Diatomite as a novel composite ingredient for chitosan film with enhanced physicochemical properties(Elsevıer Scıence Bv, 2017) Akyüz, Lalehan; Kaya, Murat; Koç, Behlül; Mujtaba, Muhammad; İlk, Sedef; Labidi, Jalel; Salaberria, Asier M.; Çakmak, Yavuz SelimPractical applications of biopolymers in different industries are gaining considerable increase day by day. But still, these biopolymers lack important properties in order to meet the industrial demands. In the same regard, in the current study, chitosan composite films are produced by incorporating diatomite soil at two different concentrations. In order to obtain a homogeneous film, glutaraldehyde was supplemented to chitosan solution as a cross-linker. Compositing diatomaceous earth to chitosan film resulted in improvement of various important physicochemical properties compared to control such as; enhanced film wettability, increase elongation at break and improved thermal stability (264-277 degrees C). The microstructure of the film was observed to haveconsisted of homogeneously distributed blister-shaped structures arised due to the incorporation of diatomite. The incorporation of diatomite did not influence the overall antioxidant activity of the composite films, which can be ascribe to the difficulty radicals formation. Chitosan film incorporated with increasing fraction of diatomite revealed a notable enhancement in the antimicrobial activity. Additionally with the present study, for the first time possible interactions between chitosan/diatomite were determined via quantum chemical calculations. Current study will be helpful in giving a new biotechnological perspective to diatom in terms of its successful application in hydrophobic composite film production. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Extraction of high thermally stable and nanofibrous chitin from Cicada (Cicadoidea)(Wiley, 2018) Mol, Abbas; Kaya, Murat; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Akyüz, BaharDue to the increasing interest in natural biopolymers including chitin, the exploitation of economic and easily accessible chitin sources with good physicochemical properties is nowadays required. In view of this fact, in the current study chitin was extracted and physicochemically characterized from six Cicadas (Hemiptera: Homoptera: Cicadoidea) species collected from Mediterranean region of Turkey (2014-15). Chitin was extracted using a classic extraction method that includes acid and base treatment. TGA results revealed a remarkable increase (410-412 degrees C) for all the six Cicada species compared to other chitin samples extracted from various sources. For all of the six selected species the chitin contents on the dry basis were determined as 6.7% for Cicadatra atra, 5.51% for C. hyalina, 8.84% for C. platyptera, 4.97% for Cicada lodosi, 6.49% for C. mordoganensis, and 5.88% for Cicadetta tibialis. The surface morphology of chitin isolates from Cicada species was observed to consist of nanofibers and nanopores.Öğe False flax (Camelina Sativa) seed oil as suitable ingredient for the enhancement of physicochemical and biological properties of chitosan films(Elsevier, 2018) Gürsoy, Mehtap; Sargın, İdris; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Akyüz, Bahar; İlk, Sedef; Akyüz, Lalehan; Kaya, Murat; Çakmak, Yavuz S.; Salaberria, Asier M.; Labidi, Jalel; Erdem, NuranTo overcome the drawbacks of synthetic films in food packaging industry, researchers are turned to natural bio-based edible films enriched with various plant additives. In current study chitosan blend films were produced by incorporating Camelina sativa seed oil at varying concentrations to chitosan matrix. The chitosan blend films were characterized both physicochemically (structural, morphological, thermal, optical and mechanical) and biologically (antimicrobial and antioxidant activity). The incorporation of C sativa seed oil notably enhanced thermal stability, antioxidative, anti-quorum sensing and antimicrobial activity. Except elongation at break, other mechanical properties of the blend films were not affected by incorporation of C sativa seed oil. The surface morphology of blend films was recorded as slightly rough, non-porous and fibre-free surface. As it was expected the optical transmittance in visible region was gradually decreased with increasing fraction of seed oil. Interestingly the hydrophilicity of the blend films revealed a swift increase which can be explained by the formation of micelle between glycerol and Tween 40 in blend films. This study provides valuable information for C sativa seed oil to be used as a blending ingredient in chitosan film technology. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Fluctuation in physicochemical properties of chitins extracted from different body parts of honeybee(Elsevier, 2015) Kaya, Murat; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Bulut, Esra; Akyüz, Bahar; Zelencova, Laura; Sofi, KarwanIt is well known that physicochemical properties of chitin are related with the extraction method. Recently, it was revealed that some physicochemical properties of chitin are also related with taxonomical relationship. For the first time in this study, it was tested how these properties of chitin are affected by different body parts of one organism. The chitins were extracted from five different body parts (head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings) of honeybee. These chitins were physicochemically characterized and differences among these body parts were identified. Highest chitin content was observed in legs (13.25%) while the lowest from thorax (6.79%). The surface morphologies of the isolated chitin structures from five different body parts were analyzed with SEM, as a result, five different types of surface morphologies were recorded. However, three different types of surface morphologies were observed only in abdomen. Maximum degradation temperatures (DTG(max)) of thorax, abdomen, legs and wings were recorded between 359 and 367 degrees C while DTG(max) value of head chitin was found as 308 degrees C. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Gender influences differentiation of chitin among body parts(Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Kaya, Murat; Bulut, Esra; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Sivickis, Karolis; Sargin, İdris; Akyüz, Bahar; Erdoğan, SevilEarlier reports have established that chitin isolates from each body part of an insect cuticle can exhibit diverse physicochemical properties. But it is still unknown if the gender of the insect can influence characteristics of chitin isolates from different body parts. The present study addresses this question. As a result, important physicochemical differences in the chitin samples from different body parts of Melolontha sp. were recorded on the basis of sex. The chitin samples were extracted from eight different body parts (antennae, head, eyes, thorax, abdomen, elytra, hindwings, and legs) of female and male. The most remarkable variations in the chitin isolates from female and male body parts were recorded in chitin content, crystallinity, thermal stability, and surface morphology. And also it was wondered these chitin isolates from different body parts of female and male could find different applications. To check this hypothesis, the chitin samples from female and male were interacted with bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein and important variations were observed. (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Öğe Incorporation of sporopollenin enhances acid-base durability, hydrophobicity, and mechanical, antifungal and antioxidant properties of chitosan films(Elsevier, 2017) Kaya, Murat; Akyüz, Lalehan; Sargın, İdris; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Salaberria, Asier M.; Labidi, Jalel; Çakmak, Yavuz S.; Koç, Behlül; Baran, Talat; Çeter, TalipSporopollenin-chitosan blend films were produced for the first time. Sporopollenin is a robust structural component of plant pollens exhibiting excellent features such as nontoxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, high thermal stability, durability to strong acid and base solutions and homogeneity in size. To benefit from these advantages, sporopollenin samples obtained from Betula pendula (silver birch) were incorporated into chitosan film at different concentration; 10, 20 and 40 mg in 100 mL chitosan gel (1%). Stereo microscopy, FT-IR and TG/DTG analyses showed that sporopollenin was successfully incorporated into the chitosan matrix. Incorporation of sporopollenin in gradually increasing amount into chitosan films was found advantageous in (1) enhancement in chemical durability of the films, (2) increment of hydrophobicity, (3) boosting the mechanical properties, (4) improvement of antifungal and (5) antioxidant activities. This study revealed that sporopollenin can be suggested as an effective blend material for biodegradable edible chitosan film production. (C) 2016 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Newly isolated sporopollenin microcages from Cedrus libani and Pinus nigra as carrier for Oxaliplatin; xCELLigence RTCA-based release assay(Springer, 2022) Mujtaba, Muhammad; Akyüz Yılmaz, Bahar; Cansaran Duman, Demet; Akyüz, Lalehan; Yangın, Sevcan; Kaya, Murat; Çeter, Talip; Khawar, Khalid MahmoodSporopollenin-mediated control drug delivery has been studied extensively owing to its desirable physicochemical and biological properties. Herein, sporopollenin was successfully extracted from C. libani and P. nigra pollens followed by loading of a commonly known anticancer drug Oxaliplatin. Drug loading and physicochemical features were confirmed by using light microscopy, FT-IR, SEM and TGA. For the first-time, real-time cell analyzer system xCELLigence was employed to record the Oxaliplatin loaded sporopollenin-mediated cell death (CaCo-2 and Vero cells) in real time. Both the release assays confirmed the slow release of oxaliplatin from sporopollenin for around 40-45 h. The expression of MYC and FOXO-3 genes has been significantly increased in CaCo2 cell and decreased non-cancerous Vero cell confirming the fact that sporopollenin-mediated control release of oxaliplatin is promoting apoptosis cell death preventing the spread of negative effects on nearby healthy cells. All the results suggested that C. libani and P. nigra can be suitable candidates for the slow delivery of drugs.Öğe Newly isolated sporopollenin microcages from Platanus orientalis pollens as a vehicle for controlled drug delivery(Elsevier Science Bv, 2017) Mujtaba, Muhammad; Sargın, İdris; Akyüz, Lalehan; Ceter, Talip; Kaya, MuratSporopollenin microcages were produced from the pollens of Platanus orientalis. Paracetamol was loaded into the microcages. Pollen, sporopollenin, paracetamol and paracetamol-loaded sporopollenin microcages were characterized with FT-IR, TGA and SEM. The analytical analyses demonstrated that sporopollenin microcages were structurally intact, highly reticulated and thermally stable. The loading efficiency of the sporopollenin microcages was found to be 8.2% using the passive loading technique and 23.7% via evaporating loading technique. In vitro release and kinetics studies were performed to test the suitability of sporopollenin microcages for loading. These studies revealed that sporopollenin from P. orientalis can be suggested as a suitable carrier for drug loading and controlled release studies. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.Öğe Novel three-dimensional cellulose produced from trunk of Astragalus gummifer (Fabaceae) tested for protein adsorption performance(Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Kaya, Murat; Odabaşı, Mehmet; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Şen, Miren; Bulut, Esra; Akyüz, BaharThis is the first study to produce three-dimensional (3D) cellulose from any plant up to now. This 3D cellulose was produced from Astragalus gummifer (Fabaceae) trunk by using a modified method in which original the shape of cellulose was kept as natural. This novel 3D cellulose was characterized by SEM, TGA, FT-IR, XRD and elemental analysis to evidence the purity and to compare it with commercially available cellulose from cotton. Results from these characterizations were found convincing because almost the same physicochemical properties were observed for both newly obtained 3D cellulose and commercial one. Both fibers and pores on the surface of 3D cellulose were observed. Thanks to its diversified surface morphology, this novel 3D cellulose was tested for its protein adsorption performance and the results were compared with commercial cellulose as follows: maximum adsorption capacity at pH 8.0 was recorded as 59.2 mg/g for 3D cellulose while 29.6 mg/g for commercial cellulose. According to this result, it is clear to say that this sorbent has high affinity for lysozyme. Also this 3D cellulose could be useful for the other areas of separation science. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Novel, multifunctional mucilage composite films incorporated with cellulose nanofibers(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) Mujtaba, Muhammad; Akyüz, Lalehan; Koç, Behlül; Kaya, Murat; İlk, Sedef; Cansaran-Duman, Demet; Salaberria Martinez, Asier; Çakmak, Yavuz Selim; Labidi, Jalel; Boufi, SamiIn the current study, mucilage composite films were produced by incorporating the cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) at different concentrations i.e., 3 and 6% to chia mucilage matrix by solution casting method. To evaluate the effect of CNF incorporation into mucilage matrix, the obtained composite films were characterized extensively using both physicochemical and biological tools. FT-IR spectra confirmed the composite formation by broader -OH bond peaks than in the spectrum of mucilage control film and shift of C=O stretching vibration peak lower wave number and widen in the mucilage films including cellulose nanofibers. Cellulose nanofibers did not reveal a significant effect on the thermal properties of the all three composite films and dynamic thermogravimetric values were recorded as similar or equal to 287 degrees C. Atomic force microscopy revealed a homogenous distribution of cellulose nanofibers across the mucilage matrix. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the inclusion of cellulose nanofibers in mucilage film led to an enhancement of the tensile modulus as well as the tensile strength, but without reducing the strain at break of the film. Cellulose nanofibers incorporation significantly enhanced the hydrophobic properties of the composite films. The cytotoxicity assay results demonstrated mucilage composite films were nontoxic and have anticancer properties; reducing the viability of cancer cell line by similar or equal to 20% and retaining the cell viability of epithelial cell line by similar or equal to 90%. Cellulose nanofibers incorporation also significantly enhanced the antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes of the mucilage composite films. Overall, the current study provided an idea regarding the biocompatible, non-toxic, highly antioxidative and antimicrobial biodegradable nature of mucilage-CNF composite films, making it a suitable candidate for food and pharmaceutical industry.Öğe On chemistry of ?-chitin(ELSEVIER SCI, 2017) Kaya, Murat; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Ehrlich, Hermann; Salaberria, Asier; Baran, Talat; Amemiya, Chris T.; Galli, Roberta; Akyüz, LalehanThe biological material, chitin, is present in nature in three allomorphic forms: alpha, beta and gamma. Whereas most studies have dealt with alpha- and beta-chitin, only few investigations have focused on gamma-chitin, whose structural and physicochemical properties have not been well delineated. In this study, chitin obtained for the first time from the cocoon of the moth (Orgyia dubia) was subjected to extensive physicochemical analyses and examined, in parallel, with alpha-chitin from exoskeleton of a freshwater crab and 5-chitin from cuttlebone of the common cuttlefish. Our results, which are supported by13C CP-MAS NMR, XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, DSC, SEM, AFM, chitinase digestive test and elemental analysis, verify the authenticity of beta-chitin. Further, quantum chemical calculations were conducted on all three allomorphic forms, and, together with our physicochemical analyses, demonstrate that gamma-chitin is distinct, yet closer in structure to alpha-chitin than beta-chitin.
