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Öğe An inclusive physicochemical comparison of natural and synthetic chitin films(Elsevier, 2018) Kaya, Murat; Salaberria, Asier M.; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Labidi, Jalel; Baran, Talat; Mulercikas, Povilas; Duman, FatihNatural and synthetic chitin films, obtained from the same source were produced and their physicochemical properties were examined comparatively. Firstly, natural chitin film was obtained from elytra of an insect (Oryctes nasicornis L) and purity of the obtained chitin film (degree of acetylation: 79 +/- 2%) was demonstrated by solid state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (C-13 NMR). Then, the synthetic film was produced by dissolving of natural chitin film in LiCl-DMAc. The obtained natural and synthetic films were characterized by AFM, TGA, DSC, FTIR, mechanical properties, light transmission and contact angle. The analyses result demonstrated that natural chitin film lost very important properties such as high thermal stability, transparency, nanofibrous nature, tensile strength, Young's modulus and hydrophobicity after transforming the synthetic film. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Antioxidative and antimicrobial edible chitosan films blended with stem, leaf and seed extracts of Pistacia terebinthus for active food packaging(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2018) Kaya, Murat; Khadem, Sanaz; Çakmak, Yavuz Selim; Mujtaba, Muhammad; İlk, Sedef; Akyüz, Lalehan; Salaberria, Asier M.; Labidi, Jalel; Abdulqadir, Ako Hamasaeed; Deligöz, EnginMethanol extracts of stem, leaf, and seed obtained from Pistacia terebinthus which are rich in phenolic compounds were used for the first time to produce chitosan-based antioxidative and antimicrobial films. All the produced films were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, DSC, SEM, contact angle measurements, and UV-Vis spectroscopy and mechanically. As was expected, incorporation of the plant extracts into chitosan films enhanced the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities effectively. Also, the elasticity of chitosan-seed and chitosan-stem films was improved. The eco-friendly nature of the produced blend films was determined through soil and water degradation analyses. All these findings lead to the conclusion that the produced blend films with Pistacia terebinthus extracts can be applied as alternative food packaging material.Öğe Biological, mechanical, optical and physicochemical properties of natural chitin films obtained from the dorsal pronotum and the wing of cockroach(Elsevier Ltd., 2017) Kaya, Murat; Sargın, İdris; Sabeckis, Ignas; Noreikaite, Deimante; Erdönmez, Demet; Salaberria, Asier Martinez; Labidi, Jalel; Baublys, Vykintas; Tubelyt?, VaidaIn previous studies, chitin-based films were produced from chitin nanofibers in dust form and fully characterized. However, chitin films naturally present.in many organisms have not been isolated and characterized. Herein, structurally intact chitin films were successfully extracted from the dorsal pronoturn and the wing of cockroach. Despite using the same extraction procedure, important differences were observed. Especially, hydrophobicity, transparency, antifungal and antibacterial biofilm activities of wing chitin film were recorded notably higher than those of chitin film from the dorsal pronotum. However, better mechanical properties were observed for chitin film from the dorsal pronotum. Notably, among the tested bacteria, two common pathogens could not form biofilms on the surface of the films. This study clearly demonstrated natural chitin films obtained from an insect can provide a new perspective to chitin-based applications where chitin films with high thermal stability, transparency, resistance to bacterial biofilm formation and antifungal activity are needed.Öğe Chitosan-based delivery systems for plants: A brief overview of recent advances and future directions(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Mujtaba, Muhammad; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood; Camara, Marcela Candido; Carvalho, Lucas Bragança; Fraceto, Leonardo Fernandes; Morsi, Rania E.; Elsabee, Maker Z.; Kaya, Murat; Labidi, Jalel; Ullah, Hidayat; Wang, DepengChitosan has been termed as the most well-known among biopolymers, receiving widespread attention from researchers in various fields mainly, agriculture, food, and health. Chitosan is a deacetylated derivative of chitin, mainly isolated from waste shells of the phylum Arthropoda after their consumption as food. Chitosan molecules can be easily modified for adsorption and slow release of plant growth regulators, herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers, etc. Chitosan as a carrier and control release matrix that offers many benefits including; protection of biomolecules from harsh environmental conditions such as pH, light, temperatures and prolonged release of active ingredients from its matrix consequently protecting the plant's cells from the hazardous effects of burst release. In the current review, tends to discuss the recent advances in the area of chitosan application as a control release system. Also, future recommendations will be made in light of current advancements and major gapsÖğe Conversion of waste parasitic insect (Hylobius abietis L.) into antioxidative, antimicrobial and biodegradable films(Tech Science Press, 2019) Kaya, Murat; Sargın, İdris; Mulercikas, Povilas; Labidi, Jalel; Salaberria, Asier Martinez; Çakmak, Yavuz Selim; Kazlauskaite, Sonata; Erdönmez, Demet; Baublys, VykintasHylobius abietis is a plant parasitic insect belonging to the order Coleoptera and which causes severe damages to coniferous forests in Northern and Eastern Europe. This current study is aimed to provide a new viewpoint into the waste of this insect by producing chitosan. Dry insect corpses consisted of 27.9% chitin and 86.2% of the chitin was converted into the chitosan. FT-IR spectra analyses confirmed the purity and the deacetylation degree of the produced chitosan (molecular weight of chitosan; 7.3 kDa). This chitosan exhibited antimicrobial activity against 18 bacterial strains. Further, biodegradable chitosan composite films with beta-carotene were produced. Antioxidant activity of chitosan films were found to be higher than chitosan gels; and beta-carotene incorporation further increased the antioxidative properties of the chitosan films. This study demonstrated that the waste of parasitic insect like H. abietis can be evaluated as a source for production of biodegradable and edible chitosan-based films for applications in food coating.Öğe Current advancements in chitosan-based film production for food technology; A review(Elsevier Science Bv., 2019) Mujtaba, Muhammad; Morsi, Rania Elsayed; Kerch, Garry M.; Elsabee, Maher Zaki; Kaya, Murat; Labidi, Jalel; Khawar, Khalid MahmoodChitosan is obtained from chitin, which could be considered to be the most abundant polymer after cellulose. Owing to these properties, chitosan alone or chitosan-based composite film production is attaining huge attention in terms of applications from researchers and industrialists coming from divergent fields. To enhance the biological (mainly antimicrobial and antioxidant) and physiological (mainly mechanical, thermal and barrier) attributes of the chitosan-based films, a vast medley of plant extracts and supporting polymers has been blended into chitosan films. Considering the up to date literature reports based on chitosan film production and applications, it can be stated that still, the research ratio is low in this field. Chitosan blend/composite films with specific properties (superhydrophobicity, excellent mechanical strength, acceptable barrier properties) can be produced only for specific applications in food technology. In the current review, we tried to summarize the advancements made in the last 5-7 years in the field of chitosan film technology for its application in the food industry.Öğe Diatomite as a novel composite ingredient for chitosan film with enhanced physicochemical properties(Elsevıer Scıence Bv, 2017) Akyüz, Lalehan; Kaya, Murat; Koç, Behlül; Mujtaba, Muhammad; İlk, Sedef; Labidi, Jalel; Salaberria, Asier M.; Çakmak, Yavuz SelimPractical applications of biopolymers in different industries are gaining considerable increase day by day. But still, these biopolymers lack important properties in order to meet the industrial demands. In the same regard, in the current study, chitosan composite films are produced by incorporating diatomite soil at two different concentrations. In order to obtain a homogeneous film, glutaraldehyde was supplemented to chitosan solution as a cross-linker. Compositing diatomaceous earth to chitosan film resulted in improvement of various important physicochemical properties compared to control such as; enhanced film wettability, increase elongation at break and improved thermal stability (264-277 degrees C). The microstructure of the film was observed to haveconsisted of homogeneously distributed blister-shaped structures arised due to the incorporation of diatomite. The incorporation of diatomite did not influence the overall antioxidant activity of the composite films, which can be ascribe to the difficulty radicals formation. Chitosan film incorporated with increasing fraction of diatomite revealed a notable enhancement in the antimicrobial activity. Additionally with the present study, for the first time possible interactions between chitosan/diatomite were determined via quantum chemical calculations. Current study will be helpful in giving a new biotechnological perspective to diatom in terms of its successful application in hydrophobic composite film production. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Effect of different animal fat and plant oil additives on physicochemical, mechanical, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan films(Elsevier, 2018) Akyüz, Lalehan; Kaya, Murat; İlk, Sedef; Çakmak, Yavuz Selim; Salaberria, Asier M.; Labidi, Jalel; Akyüz Yılmaz, Bahar; Sargın, İdrisPractical application of chitosan-essential oil blend films is limited due to the uneconomical extraction procedure of essential oils from plants. This study aimed to produce chitosan films blended with low cost and commercially available oils and fats consumed in daily human diet (olive, corn and sunflower oils, butter and animal fats). The study also focused on how physicochemical, biological and mechanical properties of chitosan blend films were influenced by the incorporation of oils and fats with varying unsaturation degrees. Possible interactions of chitosan film matrix with incorporated oils or fats were investigated. Chitosan-olive oil film showed better surface morphology and higher thermal stability than the films with other unsaturated oils. Tensile strength, Young's modulus and elongation at break were improved by 57.2%, 25.1% and 31.7% for chitosan-olive oil film, respectively. Chitosan-olive oil blend film had the highest antibacterial activity (almost equal to that of commercial antibiotic gentamicin). Edible films obtained from by incorporation of natural oils and fats into chitosan can help produce an environmentally friendly packaging material that is low cost and easily manufactured. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe False flax (Camelina Sativa) seed oil as suitable ingredient for the enhancement of physicochemical and biological properties of chitosan films(Elsevier, 2018) Gürsoy, Mehtap; Sargın, İdris; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Akyüz, Bahar; İlk, Sedef; Akyüz, Lalehan; Kaya, Murat; Çakmak, Yavuz S.; Salaberria, Asier M.; Labidi, Jalel; Erdem, NuranTo overcome the drawbacks of synthetic films in food packaging industry, researchers are turned to natural bio-based edible films enriched with various plant additives. In current study chitosan blend films were produced by incorporating Camelina sativa seed oil at varying concentrations to chitosan matrix. The chitosan blend films were characterized both physicochemically (structural, morphological, thermal, optical and mechanical) and biologically (antimicrobial and antioxidant activity). The incorporation of C sativa seed oil notably enhanced thermal stability, antioxidative, anti-quorum sensing and antimicrobial activity. Except elongation at break, other mechanical properties of the blend films were not affected by incorporation of C sativa seed oil. The surface morphology of blend films was recorded as slightly rough, non-porous and fibre-free surface. As it was expected the optical transmittance in visible region was gradually decreased with increasing fraction of seed oil. Interestingly the hydrophilicity of the blend films revealed a swift increase which can be explained by the formation of micelle between glycerol and Tween 40 in blend films. This study provides valuable information for C sativa seed oil to be used as a blending ingredient in chitosan film technology. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Incorporation of sporopollenin enhances acid-base durability, hydrophobicity, and mechanical, antifungal and antioxidant properties of chitosan films(Elsevier, 2017) Kaya, Murat; Akyüz, Lalehan; Sargın, İdris; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Salaberria, Asier M.; Labidi, Jalel; Çakmak, Yavuz S.; Koç, Behlül; Baran, Talat; Çeter, TalipSporopollenin-chitosan blend films were produced for the first time. Sporopollenin is a robust structural component of plant pollens exhibiting excellent features such as nontoxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, high thermal stability, durability to strong acid and base solutions and homogeneity in size. To benefit from these advantages, sporopollenin samples obtained from Betula pendula (silver birch) were incorporated into chitosan film at different concentration; 10, 20 and 40 mg in 100 mL chitosan gel (1%). Stereo microscopy, FT-IR and TG/DTG analyses showed that sporopollenin was successfully incorporated into the chitosan matrix. Incorporation of sporopollenin in gradually increasing amount into chitosan films was found advantageous in (1) enhancement in chemical durability of the films, (2) increment of hydrophobicity, (3) boosting the mechanical properties, (4) improvement of antifungal and (5) antioxidant activities. This study revealed that sporopollenin can be suggested as an effective blend material for biodegradable edible chitosan film production. (C) 2016 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Novel, multifunctional mucilage composite films incorporated with cellulose nanofibers(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) Mujtaba, Muhammad; Akyüz, Lalehan; Koç, Behlül; Kaya, Murat; İlk, Sedef; Cansaran-Duman, Demet; Salaberria Martinez, Asier; Çakmak, Yavuz Selim; Labidi, Jalel; Boufi, SamiIn the current study, mucilage composite films were produced by incorporating the cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) at different concentrations i.e., 3 and 6% to chia mucilage matrix by solution casting method. To evaluate the effect of CNF incorporation into mucilage matrix, the obtained composite films were characterized extensively using both physicochemical and biological tools. FT-IR spectra confirmed the composite formation by broader -OH bond peaks than in the spectrum of mucilage control film and shift of C=O stretching vibration peak lower wave number and widen in the mucilage films including cellulose nanofibers. Cellulose nanofibers did not reveal a significant effect on the thermal properties of the all three composite films and dynamic thermogravimetric values were recorded as similar or equal to 287 degrees C. Atomic force microscopy revealed a homogenous distribution of cellulose nanofibers across the mucilage matrix. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the inclusion of cellulose nanofibers in mucilage film led to an enhancement of the tensile modulus as well as the tensile strength, but without reducing the strain at break of the film. Cellulose nanofibers incorporation significantly enhanced the hydrophobic properties of the composite films. The cytotoxicity assay results demonstrated mucilage composite films were nontoxic and have anticancer properties; reducing the viability of cancer cell line by similar or equal to 20% and retaining the cell viability of epithelial cell line by similar or equal to 90%. Cellulose nanofibers incorporation also significantly enhanced the antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes of the mucilage composite films. Overall, the current study provided an idea regarding the biocompatible, non-toxic, highly antioxidative and antimicrobial biodegradable nature of mucilage-CNF composite films, making it a suitable candidate for food and pharmaceutical industry.Öğe Physicochemical and in vitro cytotoxic properties of chitosan from mushroom species (Boletus bovinus and Laccaria laccata)(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) Oberemko, Alona; Salaberria, Asier M.; Saule, Rita; Saulis, Gintautas; Kaya, Murat; Labidi, JalelChitosan samples from two mushroom species (Boletus bovinus, Laccaria laccata) were obtained and characterized by viscosimetry, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), elemental analyses (EA), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses. Properties of the fungal chitosan samples were compared to commercial low-molecular weight chitosan, crustacean chitosan (Cervimunida johni) and chitosan obtained from an insect (Hilobius abietis). Additionally, the cytotoxic properties of chitosan in vitro on cancerous hepatoma and non-cancerous ovary cells cultivated on films with different chitosan concentrations was evaluated. As a conclusion, this study clearly revealed that low-molecular weight chitosan films and solutions with high degree of deacetylation can act cytotoxically on both tumor MH-22A and normal CHO cells in vitro. Consequently, this work may be useful for further investigations of natural anticancer products in medical areas.Öğe Potential use of kraft and organosolv lignins as a natural additive for healthcare products(Royal SOC Chemistry, 2018) Gordobil, Oihana; Herrera, Rene; Yahyaoui, Marwa; İlk, Sedef; Kaya, Murat; Labidi, JalelThe growing interest in substituting synthetic products coming from non-renewable sources with products from biomass has focused attention on the lignin biopolymer. Its high availability, low price and properties make the development of new and valuable uses for lignin interesting, thus improving the economic and environmental aspects of the biomass conversion. To achieve this objective, the potential use of industrial kraft and organosolv lignins as antioxidants, antimicrobials and sunscreen products has been evaluated. The results of a detailed antibacterial and antifungal study demonstrated the high potential of kraft lignins against a variety of foodborne and human pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, both organosolv and kraft lignins presented an effective protection factor (SPF values from 10-20), demonstrating their effectiveness as natural additives for the sun lotion market. In addition, lignin samples presented high antioxidant capacity compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), one common commercial antioxidant industrially used. Therefore, the development of innovative applications of lignins as a commodity for the chemical, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries could expand their possible uses in the market giving new added values to lignin.Öğe Production and characterization of chitosan based edible films from Berberis crataegina's fruit extract and seed oil(Elsevier, 2018) Kaya, Murat; Ravikumar, Preethi; İlk, Sedef; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Akyüz, Lalehan; Labidi, Jalel; Salaberria, Asier M.; Çakmak, Yavuz S.; Erkul, Seher KaramanChitosan-based edible films were prepared by supplementing Berberis crataegina DC.'s seed oil and fruit extract into chitosan matrix. The produced films have characterized both physiochemically (SEM, DSC, FT-IR, UV-vis, contact angle and mechanical analysis) and biologically (anti-quorum sensing, antimicrobial and antioxidant). Chitosan-fruit extract film revealed higher thermal stability, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing activity compared to other films. Addition of B. crataegina's seed oil and fruit extract into the chitosan film notably decreased the UV-vis transmittance but ameliorate the tensile strength values. Hydrophobicity of the chitosan-seed oil film was observed to be higher (92.64 +/- 4.17) than chitosan-control film (84.67 +/- 1.50) while chitosan-fruit extract film exhibited slightly lower hydrophobicity (73.82 +/- 7.42) than chitosan film. The overall high thermal stability, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of chitosan-fruit extract film revealed that B. crataegina's fruit extract can be used as an effective ingredient for the production of the edible film with enhanced physicochemical and biological properties.Öğe Production and characterization of chitosan-fungal extract films(Elsevier Ltd, 2020) Koç, Behlül; Akyüz, Lalehan; Çakmak, Yavuz Selim; Sargın, İdris; Salaberria, Asier M.; Labidi, Jalel; İlk, Sedef; Çekiç, Fazilet Özlem; Akata, Ilgaz; Kaya, MuratA fungal extract obtained from an edible species (Tricholoma terreum) was used to produce chitosan-based films. Fungal extracts were analyzed using HPLC and chitosan-based films were characterized with FT-IR, SEM, DSC and TGA analysis. High phenolic content was found in the fungal extracts using HPLC. FT-IR results showed that fungal extracts were successfully added into the chitosan films. The addition of fungal extract increased elasticity, hydrophobicity and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the chitosan films. Additionally, anti-quorum sensing and antimicrobial activities of chitosan-fungal extract films were found to be much higher than gentamicin (a commonly used antibiotic). However, incorporation of extracts into chitosan films decreased transparency and thermal stability. All these results suggested that chitosan-fungal extract films might be beneficially used to improve food packaging technology.Öğe Production of novel chia-mucilage nanocomposite films with starch nanocrystals; An inclusive biological and physicochemical perspective(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) Mujtaba, Muhammad; Koç, Behlül; Salaberria, Asier Martinez; İlk, Sedef; Duman, Demet Cansaran; Akyüz, Lalehan; Çakmak, Yavuz Selim; Kaya, Murat; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood; Labidi, Jalel; Boufi, SamiIn the current study, chia mucilage composite films with starch nanocrystals (3% and 6%) were produced. The films were analyzed physicochemically (FT-IR, AFM, TGA, DSC), mechanically (Tensile strength and contact angle) and biologically (antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity) properties. The incorporation of starch nanocrystals was confirmed through FT-IR spectra showing broad OH peak and CO stretching and shift in NH bending vibrations to the lower wave number. Starch nanocrystals enhanced (control 287.23?°C, film with 3% SNC 286.91?°C and film with 6% mucilage 289.41?°C) the thermal properties of the composite films. The Young Modulus of the film showed an increase after the incorporation of starch nanocrystals due to the strong interaction between mucilage and nanocrystals. On the other hand, the overall hydrophobicity of mucilage composite film decreased due to the hydrophilic nature of cornstarch nanocrystals. MTT assay for cell proliferation revealed significant inhibition of cancer cell (HepG2) lines and exhibits a very low inhibition of epithelial cell line (Vero). Starch nanocrystals enhanced the antibacterial and antioxidant (threefold increase compare to control) properties of mucilage composite films. Mucilage-SNC composite films could be a good therapeutic gain for control and directed drug delivery, food packaging, food coating.Öğe Supplementing capsaicin with chitosan-based films enhanced the anti-quorum sensing, antimicrobial, antioxidant, transparency, elasticity and hydrophobicity(Elsevier, 2018) Akyüz, Lalehan; Kaya, Murat; Mujtaba, Muhammad; İlk, Sedef; Sargın, İdris; Salaberria, Asier M.; Labidi, Jalel; Çakmak, Yavuz Selim.; İşlek, CemilIn the current study, capsaicin, a plant alkaloid with high antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, anticancer and analgesic properties, was used in the film technology for the first time. In the same regard, chitosan (as a versatile animal-based polymer) was blended with capsaicin at three different concentrations to obtain edible films. The produced films were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, and DSC. Mechanical, transmittance, hydrophobicity, anti-quorum sensing, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties were also examined. Incorporation of 0.6 mg of capsaicin into the chitosan matrix (200 mg dissolved in 1% acetic acid solution) was observed as an optimal concentration for boosting up three film properties including mechanical, optical and surface morphology. A continuous improvement was recorded in anti-quorum sensing and antimicrobial activities, antioxidative and hydrophobicity with increasing concentration of capsaicin in the film. In further studies, chitosan-capsaicin blend films can be used as a food packaging material as well dermal and wound healing patches. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Understanding the effects of copolymerized cellulose nanofibers and diatomite nanocomposite on blend chitosan films(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Mujtaba, Muhammad; Fernández-Marín, Rut; Robles, Eduardo; Labidi, Jalel; Akyüz Yılmaz, Bahar; Nefz, HouwaidaChitosan films lack various important physicochemical properties and need to be supplemented with reinforcing agents to bridge the gap. Herein, we have produced chitosan composite films supplemented with copolymerized (with polyacrylonitrile monomers) cellulose nanofibers and diatomite nanocomposite at different concentrations. The incorporation of CNFs and diatomite enhanced the physicochemical properties of the films. The mechanical characteristics and hydrophobicity of the films were observed to be improved after incorporating the copolymerized CNFs/diatomite composite at different concentrations (CNFs: 1%, 2% and 5%; diatomite: 10% and 30%). The antioxidant activity gradually increased with an increasing concentration (1–5% and 10–30%) of copolymerized CNFs/diatomite composite in the chitosan matrix. Moreover, the water solubility decreased from 30% for chitosan control film (CH-0) to 21.06% for films containing 30% diatomite and 5% CNFs (CNFs-D30-5). The scanning electron micrographs showed an overall uniform distribution of copolymerized CNFs/diatomite composite in the chitosan matrix with punctual agglomerations.Öğe Utilization of flax (Linum usitatissimum) cellulose nanocrystals as reinforcing material for chitosan films(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2017) Mujtaba, Muhammad; Salaberria, Asier Martinez; De Andrés, María Ángeles; Kaya, Murat; Günyaktı, Ayşe; Labidi, JalelUse of plastic based packaging tools is causing both health and economic problems. To overcome this situation, researchers are focusing on the use of different biomaterials such as chitosan and cellulose. The current study was conducted to check the effect of flax (Linum usitatissimum) cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) on mechanical and barrier properties of chitosan-based films. CNC was incorporated in different concentrations (5,10, 20 and 30%). CNC was isolated from flax fiber using acid hydrolysis method. Tensile strength (TS) and young modulus (YM) values increased with the increase of CNC concentration. Chitosan film with 20% CNC revealed the highest YM value as 52.35 MPa. No significant improvement was recorded in water vapor permeability due to overall lower film crystallinity. All the films were observed to be transparent up to an acceptable level. SEM and AFM analysis confirmed the homogeneity of films. A gradual enhancement was recorded in the antimicrobial activity of chitosan/CNC composite films. No significant improvement revealed in the thermal stability of composites. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
