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A novel poly(vinyl N-furfuryl-N-benzoylthiourea) and its metal complexes: synthesis, properties, and food packaging applications
(Springer Verlag, 2025) Kurt, Gülşah; Erdem, Nuran; Ünlü, Burhan
4-vinyl-N-furfuryl-N-benzoylthiourea monomer (4VBT1) was successfully polymerized using free radical polymerization conditions with high yields and molecular weights, Mn = 674 kDa with 2.0 molecular weight distribution (PDI). Ag(I), Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes of this polymer have also been successfully synthesized and characterized. The films of polymer (P4VBT1) and its silver complex (P4VBT1-Ag) were evaluated to determine their food preservation properties. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses of the packaged beef with P4VBT1 and P4VBT1-Ag films were carried out on the 1st, 5th, 10th, and 14th days of the storage process. Moisture levels in P4VBT1 and P4VBT1-Ag stayed stable, and no significant pH difference was detected between the groups at the end of the storage period. The beef’s peroxide in P4VBT1-Ag packaging was lower than others at storage end. During storage, insignificant changes were observed in a* values for group B and b* values for groups A (P4VBT1) and B (P4VBT1-Ag). Throughout the storage period, group B demonstrated the lowest levels of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB) and total psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria (TPAB). On day 14, it also had the fewest Escherichia coli, but samples showed no statistical difference. By day ten, P4VBT1 and P4VBT1-Ag packaging showed reduced effectiveness in suppressing Coliform bacteria. Utilizing P4VBT1 and P4VBT1-Ag materials for packaging has led to a slowdown in microbial expansion.
Pd@SA/β-CD/Fe3O4: Pd nanoparticles on sodium alginate hydrogel beads reinforced with β-cyclodextrin and Fe3O4 particles for effective reductive elimination of organic pollutants
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Elhüseyni, Rukiye; Çalışkan, Melike; Yılmaz Baran, Nuray; Baran, Talat
The increased use of toxic organic pollutants, such as organic dyes and nitroaromatics, in various industrial applications has led to their leak into wastewater. The inability to remove these toxic pollutants, which are non-biodegradable and stable, from wastewater poses a threat to many living organisms, from human health to the environment. Therefore, the effective removal of these pollutants from water/wastewater is crucial. In this study, we designed heterogeneous catalyst system composed of palladium nanoparticles decorated on sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel beads reinforced with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and Fe3O4 for the catalytic elimination of organic dyes (methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and rhodamine B (RhB)) and nitroaromatics (p-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (p-NPDA), (p-nitroaniline (p-NA), p-nitrophenol (p-NP), and o-nitroaniline (o-NA)). Morphological and structural confirmation of Pd@SA/β-CD/Fe3O4 was conducted using TEM, FE-SEM, FT-IR, EDS, BET, TG, and XRD analyses. FE-SEM and TEM analyses confirmed that the prepared Pd NPs had a spherical shape with a particle size of 10 nm, while EDS, BET, TG, FT-IR, and XRD analyses confirmed their magnetic properties and chemical structure. The catalytic capability of Pd@SA/β-CD/Fe3O4 was then evaluated for the reduction of MO, MB, RhB, p-NA, p-NP, o-NA, and p-NPDA using NaBH4, and the reductions were monitored by UV–Vis analyses. Pd@SA/β-CD/Fe3O4 with 10 nm particle size served as an effective nanocatalyst, facilitating the reduction of these contaminants within a short reaction time (0–105 s). Kinetic studies were conducted, and the rate constants (k) were determined as 0.009 s−1 for p-NP, 0.022 s−1 for o-NA, 0.012 s−1 for p-NPDA, 0.018 s−1 for p-NA, 0.054 s−1 for RhB, and 0.01 s−1 for MO. Thanks to its magnetic nature, Pd@SA/β-CD/Fe3O4 was easily recovered and reused up to six cycles, affirming its potential as a practical, economical, and sustainable catalyst. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.
Antiviral activities of phenylalanine derivatives carrying carboxylic acid bioisosteres against chikungunya and parainfluenza virus type 3
(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Eren, Merve Camcı; Güngör, Görkem; De Jonghe, Steven; Özbil, Mehmet; Neyts, Johan; Kaptein, Suzanne; Şenol, Halil; Köse, Aytekin; Gezginci, Mikail Hakan; Karalı, Nilgün
Pathogenic RNA viruses from various virus families represent substantial public health hazards. Specific antiviral drugs effective against most RNA virus infections have not yet been developed. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the broad-spectrum antiviral activities of phenylalanine derivatives designed by replacing the carboxylic acid moiety with various bioisosteres such as nitrile, hydroxamidine and 5-oxo/thioxo-1,2,4-oxadiazole. Novel synthesized N-(1-substituted 2-phenylethyl)-N-(3-chlorobenzyl)-2,4-dichlorobenzamides (6e, 7e, 8e and 9d), together with phenylalanine derivatives previously prepared by our group, were evaluated antiviral activities against chikungunya (CHIKV), Zika (ZIKV), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), and enterovirus 71 (EV71). All phenylalanine derivatives showed antiviral activities against PIV3, with the 3-fluorobenzyl substituted analogue 6d emerging as the most potent compound (IC50 = 3.74 μM, CC50 > 100 μM), whereas the 3-chlorobenzyl analogue 6e (IC50 = 5.72 μM, CC50 > 100 μM) possessed the best non-toxic antiviral activity against CHIKV. Combined molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies were conducted to predict the interactions of compounds 6d and 6e with the possible viral proteins of PIV3 and CHIKV, respectively.
Mechanical, thermal and surface properties of a new kind of polybenzoylthiourea
(Düzce Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2021) Kurt, Gülşah
A new kind of polybenzoylthiourea polymer (PBTU) was synthesized through a polycondensation reaction between 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole and tereftaloyl diisothiocyanate in poly(ethyleneglycol)dimethylether (PEG) as the phase transfer catalyst. Obtained polymer was highly soluble in organic solvents including N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in contrast to the insoluble nature of similar benzoyl thiourea polymers reported in the literature. Solubility of the obtained polymer allowed us to measure the molecular weight of the obtained samples by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. GPC analysis results interestingly showed bimodal molecular weight distribution probably due to the oligomeric PEG residuals during the workup procedure. Structure of the obtained polymer was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and the melting temperature (Tm) of the polymer was observed at 229oC and 304oC, respectively. Total pore volume and surface area of the polymer were calculated as 0.292 cm3 /g and 17.773 m²/g, respectively. Hardness and elastic modulus of the obtained PBTU capsule were measured respectively as 2.353 GPa and 0.136 GPa using nanoindentation technique.
Boron removal from aqueous solutions by polyethyleneimine-Fe3+ attached column adsorbents
(ECHO AKADEMİK YAYINCILIK LTD. ŞTİ., 2021) Akpınar, Şahin; Koçyiğit, Hasan; Gürbüz, Fatma; Odabaşı, Mehmet
Although, boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants, animals and human beings; at high concentration of boron in water resources may be hazardous for living being. Hence the boron concentration has to be reduced down to suggested level by the World Health Organization for safe use of water for irrigation and drinking. The present study examines boron pollution level in groundwater and suggests an alternative sorbent to remove it from water sources used for irrigation and drinking. The poly-2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-co- glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)- polyethyleneimine (PEI)- Fe3+ columns were synthesized to adsorb the boron compounds from a real groundwater samples and synthetic solution. Boron was removed 78.2% by poly (HEMA-co-GMA)-PEI- Fe3+ column at an amount of 54.42 mg/g, pH 8. However, the lower adsorption ratio was recorded as between 35.8–58.1% of real groundwater where adsorbed amount of boron and its derivates were found as 9–28.67 mg/g due to other chemical ions in real groundwater samples. Boron-loaded columns were regenerated by 0.01 M NaOH treatment for industrial practice. Regeneration cycles were performed successfully 15-times with only a loss of 5% in adsorption capacity of columns.
4-((3-(triflorometil)piridin-2-il)oksi)benzohidrazit birimi içeren yeni hidrazon türevlerinin sentezi
(Iğdır Üniversitesi, 2021) Köse, Aytekin
Bu çalışmada, 4-((3-(triflorometil)piridin-2-il)oksi)benzohidrazit birimi bulunduran yedi yeni hidrazon türevlerinin sentezi gerçekleştirildi. Başlangıç bileşiği olarak kullanılan 4-hidroksibenzoik asit metanol içerisinde katalitik miktarda sülfürik asit ile metil esterine dönüştürüldü. Ester bileşiği, 2- bromo-3(triflorometil)piridin ile reaksiyona sokularak 4-((3-(triflorometil)piridin-2-il)oksi)benzoikasit metil esteri elde edildi. Daha sonra Ester bileşiği hidrazin hidrat ile hidrazitine dönüştürüldü. Hidrazit bileşiği seçilmiş sübstitüe aldehitler ile katılma-eliminasyon reaksiyonuna maruz bırakılarak hedef hidrazon türevleri sentezlendi. Sentezlenen bileşiklerin yapıları 1H, 13C NMR ve HRMS spektroskopileri ile aydınlatıldı. Toplamda dört kademe organik sentez, basit kimyasal modifikasyonlar, yüksek skalada sentezlenebilme, ucuz kimyasal reaktifler ve kısa sentez süreleri bu çalışmanın avantajları olarak belirlendi.
Ultrasonik ortamda biyokömür kullanarak sulu çözeltiden 5-florourasilin giderilmesi: yanıt yüzey modellemesi ve optimizasyonu
(Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, 2020) Akay, Sema
Kemoterapide en çok reçete edilen aktif maddelerden biri olan ve atık su arıtma tesisi sahasında yaygın olarak bulunan 5-Florourasilin (5-FLU) adsorpsiyonu, kağıt çamuru ile buğday kabuklarından üretilen biyokömürle ultrasonik ortamda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Adsorbent olarak kullanılan biyokömür, SEM, EDX, BET, FT-IR ve XRF analizleri ile karakterize edilmiştir. Yanıt yüzey modellemesi ve Box-Behnken tasarımı kullanılarak optimum koşullar ile 5-FLU konsantrasyonu, adsorpsiyon zamanı ve adsorbent miktarı parametrelerinin etkileri araştırılmıştır. Adsorbent miktarı en etkili parametre olarak belirtilirken, optimum adsorpsiyon koşulları: konsantrasyon = 5,48 mg/L, adsorbent miktarı = 1,61 g, zaman = 39,61 dakika olarak tahmin edilmiş ve bu şartlarda % 95,99 oranında adsorpsiyon gerçekleşeceği belirlenmiştir. Langmuir izoterm modeli deneysel veriler için daha iyi bir uyum (R2 = 0,999) göstermiş ve maksimum adsorpsiyon kapasitesi (qmax), Langmuir izotermiyle gösterildiği gibi 5,75 mg/g olarak bulunmuştur. Kinetik olarak adsorpsiyon işlemi, kemisorpsiyonun hız sınırlayıcı adım olduğunu gösteren pseudo birinci derece model olarak belirlenmiştir.
New Chitosan-Glyoxal Beads Supported Pd(II) Catalyst: Synthesis, Characterization and Application in Suzuki Coupling Reactions
(Hacettepe University, 2016) Baran, Talat
In this paper, a new chitosan bead supported Pd(II) catalyst was prepared and its structure was characterized with FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM/EDAX and ICP-OES analyses for Suzuki coupling reactions. The catalytic and recyclable performances of the catalyst were explored in the synthesis of biaryl compounds under microwave heating and free solvent media. The catalyst provided good conversion reaction yields and high TON and TOF values with a simple and quick microwave heating procedure. In addition, the recycle tests indicated that the catalyst could be used for up to seven runs under optimum reaction conditions.
DNA Purification by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) Methods
(Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, 2016) Topçu, Aykut Arif; Aşır, Süleyman; Türkmen, Deniz
DNA isolation/purification is a widely used procedure for molecular biology, medical studies, gene therapy and especially PCR studies which needs high quality or extremely pure nucleic acid samples. Nucleic acid separation was mainly achieved by two methods; solvent extraction and solid phase extraction (SPE) methods. Although solvent extraction method is the simplest method, there are some drawbacks such as toxicity, more solvent requirement, time-consuming procedure and low specificity. Nowadays, there is a wide use of solid phase matrices to extract DNA from a variety of samples. In this review article; we basically focused on SPE for DNA purification methods.
Reduced graphene oxide and tb-do3a conjugate as luminescent chemosensor for agile detection of hydroxyl radical
(Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2024) Algı, Fatih; Alp, Meltem
The development of chemosensors for the detection of hydroxyl radicals (HO•) is a challenging task since HO• has an exceptionally short lifetime (in vivo half-life of 1 ns). In this work, we have designed and synthesized a versatile probe, viz. Tb@rGO, for the detection of HO• amongst the biologically important ions and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our design is based on covalent conjugation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with terbium (III)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (Tb-DO3A). Tb@rGO is characterized by traditional spectroscopic methods including XRD, SEM, TEM, and zeta potential analysis. Furthermore, we elaborate the photophysical properties of Tb@rGO. Accordingly, our results attest that Tb@rGO has unique luminescence features, rendering it highly effective in the detection of HO•. Remarkably, Tb@rGO is highly selective to HO• among many biologically important species in 0.1 M pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline solution. It is also noteworthy that the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.92 M for HO•. Therefore, this novel material hold promises as selective turn-off luminescent HO• probe.
Pd nanocatalyst supported on chitosan–waste oil microspheres for efficient degradation of industrial pollutants in water
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2025) Karaoğlu, Kaan; Yılmaz Baran, Nuray; Özçifçi, Zehra; Akçay, Hakkı Türker; Baran, Talat
Disposal of industrial pollutants is one of the most important working topics today. Pd–doped catalysts have high efficiency in the degradation of many organic pollutants. Within the scope of this study, waste engine oil (WEO) was used as activated carbon (AC) source and then AC was encapsulated with chitosan (CS) to prepared chitosan–based microbeads (CS/WEO AC) for catalyst support. After treatment with glyoxal as cross–linker, Pd nanoparticles with spherical shape and 16.8 nm diameter were decorated on the microbeads (Pd@CS/WEO AC). Efficiency of Pd@CS/WEO AC on the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (4-NPDA), 2-nitroaniline (2-NA), 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) as nitroarens; methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and rhodamine B (RhB) as organic dyes; Cr(VI) and K3[Fe(CN)6] was examined in aqueous media. Developed Pd@CS/WEO AC nanocatalyst reduced nitroarenes, organic dyes, Cr(VI) and K3[Fe(CN)6] in very short times (0–130 s). Based on kinetic studies, the rate constants for Pd@CS/WEO AC–catalyzed reduction reactions of 2–NA, 4–NP, 4–NA, 4–NPDA, MO, RhB, [Fe(CN)6]3⁻, and Cr(VI) were found to be 0.018 s−1, 0.007 s−1, 0.026 s−1, 0.012 s−1, 0.021 s−1, 0.065 s−1, 0.048 s−1, and 0.042 s−1, respectively. Additionally, it was confirmed that Pd@CS/WEO AC is a long–lasting catalyst, as it was reused for five successive runs in the reduction of 4–NP. In this study, we aim to design new materials by modifying carbon–containing waste sources with biological macromolecules and investigate the possible applications of these materials to remove some pollutants from water sources.
Fabrication of smart chitosan composite beads for alleviate boron toxicity in a model plant (Lemna gibba): Characterization, toxicity assessment, and boron removal
(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Yakar, Anıl; Türker, Onur Can; Çakmak, Emel; Yılmaz Baran, Nuray; Baran, Talat
Excessive boron (B) in aquatic ecosystems poses a significant threat to environmental health and biodiversity. In this respect, an attractive strategy should be evaluated to reduce B toxicity in the water environment and protect aquatic organisms. The study aims to reduce B-induced toxicity in a model plant, Lemna gibba, using smart chitosan-magnetic composite beads enriched with keratin, and further enhanced with boron-tolerant bacteria (Acinetobacter sp.). We tested different chitosan-magnetic composite beads for their B adsorption capacity, focusing on a specific type enriched with keratin for the first time in the literature. The effects of adding chitosan-magnetic composite beads in a test solution containing B mine effluent to alleviate B toxicity on L. gibba's growth parameters (frond number, biomass production, and EC50 value) were detailly evaluated in the experiment period. Accordingly, the chitosan-magnetic composite beads with keratin (Mag-Ch-K) demonstrated high B adsorption, with a maximum loading capacity of 2.875 mg/g at pH 7. The relative growth rate of L. gibba in a reactor containing Mag-Ch-K beads was measured to be approximately 2-fold (0.2065) higher than that of the control reactor (0.1212) without composite beads at 64 mg L−1 B concentration. More importantly, Mag-Ch-K bead significantly increased the plant's tolerance against B in the reactor matrix, as indicated by an EC50 value of 44.18 mg L−1 compared to 17.17 mg L−1 in the control. This study provides a promising approach to mitigate B toxicity in water bodies, offering a practical operation, high growth production, and preventing B pollution shock via modified bead with Acinetobacter sp. High B removal (76 %) was also achieved from reactors containing Mag-Ch-K-D through the high B-loading capacities and plant uptake. These dual benefits encourage designers to design chitosan and duckweed-based treatment systems for ecological conservation and pollution management in B-rich waters, such as B mine effluent pollution.
Development of DFO chelator-attached adsorptive membranes for selective removal of Fe3+ ions to obtain clean drinking water
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Karakoç, Veyis; Gürkök Tan, Tuğba; Arda Küçük, Vedat; Odabaşı, Mehmet
Access to safe drinking water is one of the most significant concerns of today and foreseeable future. In order to solve this problem, scientists have been working intensively on the development of new technologies. In this study, poly(HEMA)-based porous polymeric membranes were synthesized by UV polymerization method to remove iron contamination in drinking water, which is among the main issues of water purification. The chelating agent desferroxamine (DFO) was covalently bonded to the synthesized poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) polymeric membrane. The synthesized DFO-bound poly(HEMA-GMA) polymeric membrane was characterized by FTIR, SEM, elemental analysis, and BET surface area. The optimum removal performance for Iron (III) (Fe3+) ions from an aqueous solution of poly(HEMA-GMA)-DFO membranes was determined in a continuous flow system by varying pH, flow rate, ionic strength, and interaction times. According to the experimental results the maximum adsorption capacity of poly(HEMA-GMA)-DFO membranes for Fe3+ ions was found to be 25.7 mg Fe3+/g at pH:5.0, 1.5 ml/min flow rate, and 100 ppm concentration. The selectivity of the synthesized polymeric membrane for Fe3+ ions was determined as Fe3+>Zn2+ >Ni2+ by adsorption studies performed in the presence of Fe3+ions and Zn2+ and Ni2+ ions. Desorption studies of the membrane system were performed with 0.5 M (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) EDTA solution. As a result of desorption and adsorption studies that were repeated 10 times with the same polymer to determine the reuse behavior of the DFO chelator-bound membrane, it was observed that there was no significant decrease in the membrane performance for the removal of Fe3+ ions. Experimental studies revealed that, the use of synthesized poly(HEMA-GMA)-DFO membranes as adsorbents was found to be a promising method for the removal of Fe3+ ions.
Squaraine-containing hydrogels: Synthesis, drug delivery and dual phototherapies
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Sarıgöl, Rumeysa; Algı, Melek Pamuk
To create a multipurpose therapeutic platform, Sq@poly(HEMA-co-AA) hydrogels are made of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and acrylic acid (AA) monomers. The SK-MEL-30 skin cancer cell line was used to test the hydrogels' therapeutic effectiveness. The Sq@poly(HEMA-co-AA) hydrogels demonstrated photodynamic therapy by producing reactive oxygen species under red light and photothermal therapy by producing hyperthermia under near-infrared light. The outcomes showed the anti-cancer potential of the hydrogels against skin cancer. Furthermore, the hydrogels did not cause toxicity in the absence of light, according to biocompatibility tests conducted on the L929 cell line. Rhodamine B was efficiently released in a light-responsive manner, following exposure to a laser at 808 nm, demonstrating the hydrogels' capability for light-triggered drug delivery. These results demonstrate the intriguing potential of Sq@poly(HEMA-co-AA) hydrogels as a flexible material for controlled release of drugs and phototherapeutic applications, especially in the treatment of skin cancer.
Synthesis, characterization, and exosomal corona formation of self-assembled dipeptide nanomaterials
(Nature Research, 2025) Önal Acet, Burcu; Acet, Ömür; Wandrey, Madita; Stauber, Roland H.; Gül, Désirée; Odabaşı, Mehmet
Exosomes (Exos), also known as small extracellular vesicles, are naturally occurring nanoparticles (NPs), which are characterized by their nanometer size and negative charged in physiological environments. While it is widely accepted that proteins and biological compounds adhere to different nanomaterials (NMs), forming an outer layer known as the biomolecule corona (BC), the detailed understanding of factors contributing to BC formation as well as of its biological effects remains limited. Studies have shown that BC formation can affect the physicochemical properties of synthetic and natural NPs once contacting biological fluids. Here, we present a study investigating the novel concept of exosomal corona formation, which in contrast to the well-documented BC mainly consists of Exos/exosomal components. For this purpose, peptide-based Fmoc-Lysine (Fmoc-Lys) NMs were synthesized and characterized, and interaction studies with (cancer) cell-derived Exos were performed. Measurements of size, zeta potential, and colloidal stability indicate exosomal corona formation. Furthermore, cell viability experiments showed that the Exo-NM interaction resulted in reduced nanotoxicity profile indicating practical relevance for biological applications of these NMs. In summary, here we provide first evidence supporting the concept of exosomal corona formation around NMs that should become part of evaluating interactions at nano-bio-interfaces.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Investigation of Corona Formation of Dipeptide-Based Nanomaterials
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025) Dikici, Emrah; Önal Acet, Burcu; Bozdoğan, Betül; Acet, Ömür; Halets-Bui, Inessa; Shcharbin, Dzmitry; Odabaşı, Mehmet
Peptide-based nanomaterials can be easily functionalized due to their functional groups, as well as being biocompatible, stable under physiological conditions, and nontoxic. Here, diphenylalanineamide-based nanomaterials (FFANMs) were synthesized, decorated with Ca2+ ions to set the surface charge, and characterized for possible use in gene delivery and drug release studies. FFANMs were characterized by SEM, TEM, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and LC-MS/MS. Corona formation and biocompatible studies were also carried out. Some of the data obtained are as follows: FFANMs have a diameter of approximately 87.93 nm. While the zeta potentials of FFANMs and Ca2+@FFANMs were −20.1 mV and +9.3 mV, respectively, after corona formation with HSA and IgG proteins, they were shifted to −7.6 mV and −3.7 mV, respectively. For gene delivery studies, zeta potentials of Ca2+@FFANMs and DNA interactions were also studied and found to shift to −9.7 mV. Cytotoxicity and biocompatibility studies of NMs were also studied on HeLa and HT29 cell lines, and decreases of about 5% and 10% in viability at the end of 24 h and 72 h incubation times were found. We think that the results obtained from this study will assist the groups working in the relevant field. © 2024 by the authors.
Novel 4-((3-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzohydrazide derivatives as promising anti-prostate cancer agents: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro & in silico biological activity studies
(Elsevier, 2025) Çakır, Furkan; Ateşoğlu, Şeyma; Köse, Aytekin; Ghaffari-Moghaddam, Mansour; Akbaş, Fahri; Kuran, Ebru Didem; Ulusoy Güzeldemirci, Nuray; Kılınç, Namık; Tokalı, Feyzi Sinan; Şenol, Halil
In this study, ten novel halogenated arylidenehydrazide derivatives were synthesized and characterized through 1H, 13C APT, 19F NMR, HSQC, HMBC, HRMS, and FT-IR techniques. Cytotoxic evaluations against PC3 prostate cancer and HUVEC cell lines identified compounds 8 and 14 as lead candidates, achieving IC50 values of 4.49 mu M and 4.78 mu M, respectively, with notable selectivity indexes of 12.15 and 11.78, underscoring their specificity against PC3 cells. Molecular docking studies targeting AR, VEGFR1, EGFR, and VEGFR2 suggested potential inhibitory mechanisms, with compounds 8 and 14 displaying substantial binding affinities for AR and VEGFR1. Compound 8 achieved IFD scores of -12.900 kcal/mol for AR and -10.895 kcal/mol for VEGFR1, while compound 14 recorded scores of -10.323 kcal/mol and -10.379 kcal/mol, respectively. Complementary MM-GBSA analyses revealed favorable binding energies, with compound 8 yielding Delta G values of -76.60 kcal/mol (AR) and -78.08 kcal/mol (VEGFR1) and compound 14 showing -80.67 kcal/mol (AR) and -78.61 kcal/mol (VEGFR1). MD simulations confirmed complex stability over 50 ns, indicating that compound 14 exhibited enhanced binding stability with key residues in AR and VEGFR1. ADME predictions highlighted drug-like properties, particularly for compounds 8 and 14, with high lipophilicity and favorable absorption characteristics, despite low aqueous solubility. SAR analysis emphasized the beneficial impact of halogen substitutions on potency and selectivity, establishing compounds 8 and 14 as promising candidates for further therapeutic development.
New 4-methanesulfonyloxy benzohydrazide derivatives as potential antioxidant and carbonic anhydrase I and II inhibitors: synthesis, characterization, molecular docking, dynamics & ADME studies
(Elsevier, 2025) Köse, Aytekin; Polat Köse, Leyla; Şenol, Halil; Ulusoy Güzeldemirci, Nuray
As an archetypal molecule, hydrazides have a crucial vital role in numerous applications, so hydrazide-related inhibitors, especially sulfur-enriched, are favored. In the present work, we designed, synthesized and characterized fifteen novel benzohydrazide derivatives containing 4-methanesulfonyloxy and arylidene building blocks with a four-step synthesis pathway. The inhibitory potential of the compounds was assessed using human carbonic anhydrases I and II (hCA I and II) isozymes and the results were compared to those of the standard inhibitor, acetazolamide (AZA). The antioxidant activity profiles for all compounds were also examined using various bioanalytical methods and the results were compared with the standards. The hCA I and II were the best inhibited by compounds 5f, 5g, and 5i with inhibition constants IC50 in the range 20.45-51.43 nM (AZA: IC50=218.38) for hCA I and 33.54-42.45 nM (AZA: IC50=44.39) for hCA II. Structure-activity relationships were also discussed and discovered that hCA I and II inhibition was unaffected by the presence of an electronwithdrawing or releasing group. This effectiveness was the only result of the sort of substituted group(s), which was located at the reagent. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations showed that compounds 5f, 5g, and 5i have strong and stable interactions with key amino acids and zinc ions in the active sites of enzymes, which supports their ability to block enzyme activity. In silico ADME studies predicted favorable drug-like properties and high human oral absorption for all synthesized compounds. In silico ADME studies predicted favorable drug-like properties and high human oral absorption for all synthesized compounds. These findings highlight the multifunctional potential of the synthesized benzohydrazide derivatives as hCA I and II inhibitors and antioxidants, paving the way for their further development and optimization for therapeutic applications.
Development of magnetically retrievable nanostructure Pd catalyst system supported on keratin-Schiff base and its application in catalytic and antioxidant activities
(Elsevier, 2025) Yılmaz Baran, Nuray; Çakmak, Emel; Çakmak, Yavuz Selim; Baran, Talat
Recently, the production of biomaterial supported metal nanoparticles has gained significant importance as an emerging field with numerous applications ranging from healthcare to sustainable environment due to their unique chemical, catalytic, physical, and biological properties. In this paper, we fabricated magnetically retrievable Schiff base modified-keratin supported nano-sized Pd catalyst (Pd@keratin/Fe3O4/Sch) to investigate its catalytic and antioxidant characteristics. The design procedure for Pd@keratin/Fe3O4/Sch is as follows: (1) extraction of keratin from goose feathers, (2) loading of Fe3O4 onto keratin (keratin/Fe3O4), (3) aminofunctionalization of keratin/Fe3O4 (keratin/Fe3O4/APT), (4) Schiff base modification of keratin/Fe3O4/APT (keratin/Fe3O4/Sch), and (5) preparation of the nano-structured Pd catalyst. Diverse analytical methods, bearing FT-IR, TEM, EDS, XRD, TGA, XPS, BET and FE-SEM were utilized to substantiate production of Pd nanoparticles. TEM results indicated that the formed Pd nanoparticles had an average particle size of 20 nm. The catalytic behavior of Pd@keratin/Fe3O4/Sch was then studied in the catalytic reduction of nitroaromatics (p-nitrophenol (p-NP), p-nitro- o-phenylenediamine (p-NPDA), o-nitroaniline (o-NA), p-nitroaniline (p-NA)) and organic dyes (rhodamine B (RhB), methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB)). The Pd@keratin/Fe3O4/Sch successfully reduced p-NP, p-NPDA, p-NA, and o-NA rapidly with rate constants of 0.018 s-1, 0.013 s-1, 0.039 s-1, and 0.034 s- 1 , respectively. In addition, it promptly reduced MB, while it reduced MO and RhB with rate constants of 0.023 s- 1 and 0.054 s-1, respectively. The Pd@keratin/Fe3O4/Sch was readily recovered due to its magnetic nature and was reused up to six cycles. The stability of Pd@keratin/Fe3O4/Sch was confirmed through EDS and ICP analyses conducted after the reusability tests. The samples obtained after each step in the Pd@keratin/Fe3O4/Sch production were also investigated for their antioxidant activities. The order of antioxidant activity was found to decrease in the following sequence: keratin/Fe3O4, Pd@keratin/Fe3O4/Sch, keratin/Fe3O4/APT, keratin/Fe3O4/ Sch and keratin, respectively. The fabricated Pd@keratin/Fe3O4/Sch is an ideal catalyst system for remediating wastewater contaminants and biological applications with excellent catalytic and antioxidant capacity, easy recovery, and good stability.
Recent developments in subcritical water extraction of industrially important bioactive substances from plants, microorganisms, and organic wastes
(Springer, 2025) Aminzai, Mohammad Tahir; Yabalak, Erdal; Akay, Sema; Kayan, Berkant
Subcritical water extraction (SBWE) has emerged as one of the most sophisticated green extraction techniques, offering a promising approach for the extraction of bioactive compounds from diverse sources. It holds potential for environmental remediation as well as the production of useful extracts from plant materials, organic wastes, and microorganisms. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of SBWE, focusing on its application to plant materials, microorganisms, and organic wastes. SBWE refers to a process that uses liquid water at temperatures below 374 degrees C and pressures of up to 22.1 MPa, a process that maintains water in a subcritical state, enabling selective extraction of bioactive compounds. Bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, possess a wide range of physiological and pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The review details various SBWE applications for extracting these compounds from different matrices: plant materials (seeds, leaves, roots, flowers, and fruits), microorganisms (fungi and algae), and organic wastes (peels, pomace, spent grains, and algal residues). Also, the review discusses the advantages of SBWE over traditional extraction methods, emphasizing its environmental benefits due to the use of non-toxic water as a solvent. SBWE not only enhances extraction efficiency but also reduces extraction time and energy consumption compared to conventional approaches. Besides, it explores the impact of various extraction conditions, including temperature, pressure, and the use of co-solvents, on the efficiency and yield of bioactive compounds. Additionally, it addresses the coupling of SBWE with other techniques to further improve its performance. In conclusion, SBWE stands out as a significant advancement in green extraction technology, with considerable potential for environmental remediation and the production of valuable bioactive extracts. This review highlights the current state of SBWE, its applications, and the ongoing developments in optimizing its efficiency and expanding its industrial applications.

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