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Evaluation of the effect of red cabbage waste on performance, egg quality, and yolk oxidative stability of laying Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica)
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2025) Gümüş, Erinç; Sevim, Behlül; Sırakaya, Selim; İriş, Canan; Kahraman, Oğuzhan; Sarmiento-García, Ainhoa
This study investigates the effects of red cabbage waste (RCW) as a dietary supplement on the performance, egg quality, and oxidative stability of yolk in laying Japanese quails. Given its rich phenolic content, RCW has been investigated as a natural feed additive to reduce food waste and enhance poultry diets. In a six-week trial, 120 quails were divided into 4 groups with 5 replicates and fed diets with 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% RCW. Performance parameters, internal and external egg quality, and antioxidant status were measured. RCW supplementation had no significant impact on overall quail performance. Quails fed with 0.5% RCW showed notable improvements in internal egg quality, especially in the albumen index, Haugh unit, and eggshell thickness. Additionally, incorporating 0.5% RCW into the diet improved the yolk’s antioxidant activity, as evidenced by reduced MDA levels. However, other egg quality traits, including the antioxidant capacity of the yolk, had deteriorated with concentrations above 0.5%, indicating that a moderate inclusion of 0.5% RCW is the most favourable option. The findings underscore that RCW could be sustainably used to improve egg quality without compromising performance, while managing food waste, presenting a potential circular economy solution. Nevertheless, further research is encouraged to optimize RCW levels and fully understand its benefits in poultry feed.
Magnetite graphene oxide incorporated κ-carrageenan/alginate nanobiocomposite for photothermal therapy and multi-stimuli-responsive sunitinib release
(Editions de Sante, 2025) Sonkaya, Ömer; Güncüm, Enes; Işıklan, Nuran
Photothermal therapy is emerging as a promising approach for cancer treatment due to its minimally invasive nature, reduced systemic toxicity, and potential for targeted therapy. The practical implementation of photothermal therapy necessitates the development of efficient and multifunctional photothermal agents. The aim of this study was to develop magnetic nanobiocomposites with photothermal, pH- NIR-, and magnetic field-responsive properties. Magnetite graphene oxide (GO@Fe3O4) was prepared by depositing Fe3O4 magnetite nanoparticles onto graphene oxide (GO). The multifaceted nanobiocomposites were synthesized by combining GO@Fe3O4 with polymers of κ-carrageenan/alginate (CR/A) blend loaded with sunitinib (Su), an anticancer drug, using the emulsion method. These CR/A@GO@Fe3O4@Su nanobiocomposites were characterized using different analytical techniques including XRD, FTIR, SEM/TEM, TGA-DSC, VSM, and DLS. Under NIR (808 nm) irradiation, the CR/A@GO@Fe3O4@Su nanobiocomposite showed a satisfactory photothermal effect (η = 19.26 %). In vitro release studies demonstrated controlled, pH-, NIR-, and AMF-responsive release of sunitinib in a range of 20 % and 100 %. The rate of drug release was higher in an intestinal condition (74.04 %) compared to that in an acidic condition (20.34 %) for CR/A@(GO@Fe3O4)3@Su nanobiocomposite. MTT assays revealed that the CR/A@GO@Fe3O4@Su nanobiocomposite exhibited an improved effect when combined with photothermal therapy and chemotherapy at 0.03125 and 0.0625 mg/mL, resulting in excellent cytotoxicity (cell viability of 10.78 % and 10.57 %) towards cancer cells. The obtained results suggest that the formulated multi-responsive CR/A@GO@Fe3O4@Su nanobiocomposites could be a promising candidate for photothermal therapy in cancer treatment.
Evaluation of Psyllium (Plantago ovata L.) Husk Powder as a Stabilizer in Coconut Milk-Based Probiotic Yogurt Production
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Gülhan, Ayca; Çoklar, Hacer; Akbulut, Mehmet
Plantago ovata L., also known as psyllium, is a plant native to the Mediterranean that is commercially cultivated and utilized for its polysaccharides, which have an arabinoxylan structure. Psyllium seeds possess various functional characteristics due to strong hydrophilic and gelling properties, as well as stabilizing and emulsifying capabilities. This study evaluated the use of psyllium (P. ovata L.) husk powder (PHP) as a stabilizer in the production of probiotic plant-based yogurt from coconut milk. The physicochemical, microbiological, textural, rheological, microstructural, and sensory properties of yogurt samples produced by adding different amounts of PHP (control, 0.125%, 0.25%, and 0.5%) during the storage period were analyzed. The produced plant-based yogurts contained 72.80%–76.03% moisture, 18.30%–18.89% fat, 1.81%–2.03% protein, and 0.41%–0.44% ash. As the proportion of PHP and storage time increased, pH, and syneresis generally decreased and titratable acidity increased. The sample containing 0.5% PHP exhibited the highest microbiological counts. The addition of PHP to samples decreased L*, b*, C*, and h values and increased a* values. As the proportion of PHP increased, a significant increase in particle size parameters was detected. A more stable, homogeneous, and dense gel structure appeared in products with 0.25% PHP addition. The addition of PHP decreased hardness and adhesiveness while increasing cohesiveness. All samples exhibited a weak viscoelastic gel property (G′>G″). As the proportion of added PHP increased, the storage modulus decreased. Samples containing 0.25% PHP were rated higher in terms of sensory attributes, including taste, texture, and overall acceptability. Hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses were employed to categorize the yogurts, revealing that the control sample exhibited distinct characteristics compared to the psyllium-added yogurts in terms of the aforementioned properties. The results show that, when added in the right amounts, PHP can stabilize the production of probiotic yogurt-like products from coconut milk.
Effects of almond hulls on the chemical composition and in vitro ruminal protein degradation of lucerne silage
(CSIRO Publishing , 2025) Sırakaya, Selim; Büyükkılıç Beyzi, Selma
Enhancing protein efficiency in the diet or the use of by-products can reduce feed costs and the environmental impact of animal production. Aims. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of almond hull (AH) additions to lucerne silage (alfalfa silage) on some chemical parameters and in vitro protein degradability. Methods. The second-cut lucerne was chopped after withering to up to 2 cm length. Chopped feed was ensiled with 100 g kg−1 DM of three varieties (Nonpareil, Ferragnes and Texas) of AHs dried and ground and each treatment was ensiled in vacuum-sealed polyethylene plastic bag for 90 days, as five replications. Key results. As a result, all AH treatments increased the dry matter of lucerne silage. Condensed tannin content in lucerne silage increased with addition of all AH varieties (P < 0.05). Catechin, which was high before ensiling in all AH groups, decreased after ensiling. Gallic acid content increased in all AH-supplemented groups (P < 0.05). In lucerne silage, NH3-N concentration decreased in all AH-supplemented groups, and in vitro ruminal undegradable protein was increased (P < 0.05). In the study, Fourier transform infrared spectra supported the findings, showing that chemical bonds were formed between tannins and proteins. Conclusions. As a result, it was shown that the addition of AH to lucerne silage could reduce ruminal protein degradability. Implications. This study offers strategies for converting AHs into a higher-value product and for enhancing the utilization of lucerne protein.
Nephroprotective effects of hesperidin on ifosfamide-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rats: Role of NF-κB/TNF-α/ IL-1β, p53/caspase-3/Bax/Bcl-2, and ATF6/IRE1/PERK/GRP78 signaling pathways
(Academic Press Inc., 2025) Kandemir, Özge; Akaras, Nurhan; Şimşek, Hasan; Gür, Cihan; İleritürk, Mustafa; Küçükler, Sefa; Çağlayan, Cüneyt; Kandemir, Fatih Mehmet
This study explored the protective effects of hesperidin (HES) against ifosfamide (IFA)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats using biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical techniques. The rats were administered IFA at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight, followed by oral HES treatment at doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight. The results demonstrated that HES significantly reduced IFA-induced increases in urea and creatinine levels, indicating improved kidney function. HES was shown to mitigate IFA-induced lipid peroxidation, likely due to its antioxidant properties, and to enhance the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as elevate glutathione (GSH) levels. Biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses further revealed that HES exhibited anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and anti-endoplasmic reticulum stress effects, suppressing the elevated levels of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Caspase-3, 6, 9, Bax, Apaf1, p53, serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF-6), and protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK), CHOP and alleviating level of Bcl-2 in IFA-exposed kidney tissue. Additionally, the immunohistochemical staining results for TIM-1 in rat kidney tissues showed minimal expression in the control and HES groups. However, the IFA-treated group exhibited a significant increase in TIM-1 expression. Co-administration of IFA with HES at 200 or 300 mg/kg resulted in a significant reduction in TIM-1 expression. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that HES efficiently alleviated kidney toxicity induced by IFA.
Use of ice teas formulated with black teas prepared with different infusion methods and grape juice in the production of water kefir beverages
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Gülhan, Ayca
In this research, ice teas formulated with black teas prepared with cold and hot infusion methods and grape juice were subjected to fermentation with water kefir grains. The fermentation process lasted 48 h at 25 °C, followed by a 14-day storage period at 4 °C. As a result of fermentation with water kefir grains, a decrease in pH and total soluble solid content of ice teas and an increase in titratable acidity were detected. At the end of fermentation, the CO2 amount was determined to be 1.86 g/100 mL in teas prepared with a cold infusion and 2.23 g/100 mL in teas prepared with a hot infusion. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of ice teas prepared with the hot infusion method gave higher values. The duration of storage led to a decrease in the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content for both formulations. While the glucose, fructose, and sucrose values of teas prepared with the cold infusion method were 4.109%, 4.804%, and 2.312% at the end of fermentation, these values were found to be 4.649%, 5.528%, and 1.273% in the teas prepared with the hot infusion method. The analysis of the phenolic components showed that the main phenolic components were gallic acid, quercetin, epicatechin, and rosmarinic acid. It was found that the number of Lactobacillus spp. was 7.55 to 8.14, the number of Lactococcus spp. was 6.80 to 7.36, the total number of mesophilic and aerobic bacteria was 7.57 to 8.27, and the yeast count was 5.22 to 5.90 in ice teas made with different infusion methods and while they were stored. As a result of sensory analysis with produced water kefir beverages, panelists showed a significant preference for the hot infusion formulation. As a result, the produced ice tea formulations could be used as a fermentation medium by the microorganisms in water kefir grains, and ice teas with functional properties were produced.
Investigation of the Effects of Rutin in Spraque Dawley Rats with Biochemical Parameters in Colistin-Induced Lung Injury
(Bingöl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2024) Kandemir, Özge; Küçükler, Sefa
olistin (COL), frequently used for Gram-negative bacteria, may cause pulmonary toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Flavanoid-type antioxidants have started to be used frequently against toxicity caused by different chemical agents. Rutin (RUT) is one of the flavanoid-type antioxidants. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of RUT in rats with COL-induced lung injury using biochemical parameters. In the experiment, 35 Spraqe Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n=7): Control, RUT, COL, COL+RUT50, and COL+RUT100. It was determined that COL increased lung tissue MDA values, decreased SOD, CAT, GPx activities, and GSH values, and triggered oxidative stress. COL administration increased NF-kB, TNF-?, IL-1?, MPO, and COX-2 levels, decreased mTOR levels, increased Beclin-1 levels and accelerated autophagy, increased Caspase-3 activity, and induced apoptosis. It was determined that RUT administration suppressed oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis by reversely regulating all these markers and reducing cell damage. The findings showed that the RUT application would be useful in COL-induced lung injury.
Evaluation of some physicochemical, nutritional, and microbiological properties and sensory profiles of green tea and almond milk kombucha beverages
(Springer, 2024) Gülhan, Ayça
Almond milk is one of the popular plant-based milks due to its nutritional properties and health benefits. Recently, using alternative raw materials instead of Camellia sinensis tea has attracted more attention in order to increase kombucha’s health benefits and improve sensory properties. This study aimed to obtain a beverage with enhanced functional properties by fermenting almond milk with kombucha as a new substrate source, providing an alternative to kombucha derived from green tea. In this context, we prepared kombucha beverages using green tea (KT) and almond milk (AMK) and analyzed specific dynamic parameters at different fermentation times (up to 14 days) to evaluate the effects of substrate sources. According to the results, as fermentation progressed, the pH and total soluble solids decreased and titratable acidity increased in both kombucha beverages. On the 14th-day samples, AMK exhibited the highest values in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity (96.90%), CUPRAC (1.28 mmol Trolox/g), and total phenolic content (611.66 mg GAE/L). In AMK, the highest counts were reached on the 14th day of fermentation for acetic acid bacteria (7.99 log CFU/mL) and yeast (7.23 log CFU/mL), while the highest lactic acid bacteria value was determined on the 7th day of fermentation in AMK (7.44 log CFU/mL). On the 7th and 14th days of fermentation, acetic, gluconic, glucuronic, lactic and citric acids were detected at the highest levels in the AMK sample. Kombucha beverages showed suitable ethanol levels (0.35–0.74 g/L). The findings show that almond milk can be used as an alternative raw material in the development of kombuchas with higher bioactive potential and contribute to optimizing the fermentation process.
Kitosan ve organik asitli çözeltilerinin mısır silajı kalitesine etkileri
(Turkish Science and Technology Publishing (TURSTEP), 2024) Sırakaya, Selim
Silaj grubu yemlerin, belirli kalite standartlarında muhafaza edilmeleri noktasında, bazen katkı maddesi kullanımı önemlidir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, non-toksik, antimikrobiyal, antifungal ve biyobozunur özeliklere sahip kitosan ve kitosanın asetik ve laktik asitle hazırlanan jelatinize çözeltilerinin, mısır silajında katkı olarak kullanım potansiyelinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Kitosan ve organik asitli çözeltileri, mısır silajına iki farklı biçimde uygulanmıştır. Mısır silajına, %0,5 - %1,0 ve %2,0 oranlarında kitosan karıştırılmış ayrıca %2’lik asetik ve laktik asit çözeltilerine, %0,0 - %1,0 ve %2.0 kitosan ilave edilerek hazırlanan jelatinize karışımlar, %10 oranında mısır silajına püskürtülmüştür. Kitosanlı gruplarda, ham protein (HP), toplam sindirilebilir besinler (TSB) ve enerji değerleri (ME, NEL, NEM, NEG), diğer gruplara oranla yüksek bulunmuştur. NDF ve ADF’de çözünmeyen kalıntıların HP değerleri (NDICP, ADICP), %2,0 kitosanlı grupta daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Nispi yem değeri (NYD), kitosanlı gruplarda yüksek bulunmuştur. Besin maddeleri tüm gruplar arasında değişkenlik göstermiş, fakat değişkenliklerin gruplar arasındaki kolerasyonu uyumlu bulunmamıştır. Amonyak azotu (NH3-N) en fazla %2,0 kitosan grubunda görülmüştür. Bütirik asit sadece kitosanlı gruplarda tespit edilmiştir. Laktik, asetik ve propiyonik asit miktarları gruplar arasında farklılık göstermiş fakat bu farklılıklar katkı uygulama oranları nispetinde olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Küf sadece kontrol grubunda tespit edilmiş, uygulama gruplarında ise görülmemiştir. Laktik asit bakterileri (LAB) uygulama gruplarında, kontrol grubuna oranla daha az bulunmuş ve en az %2,0 kitosan grubunda görülmüştür. Enterobakteri grubu mikroorganizmalar uygulama gruplarında tespit edilmemiştir. Maya en fazla kitosanlı gruplarda görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak kitosan ve kitosanlı çözeltiler, bazı parametrelerde olumlu değişimlere sebep olsa da genel olarak fermantatif ve mikrobiyoljik kalite bakımından istenilen düzeyde iyileştirme sağlamamıştır.
The investigation of the fermentative, chemical and microbial Eefects of grape and tangerine pomace added to high moisture alfalfa silage
(Sezer ÖZ, 2024) Gümüş, Erinç; Ünal, Yüce; Yavuz, Musa; Sırakaya, Selim; Sevim, Behlül; Ayaşan, Tugay
This study investigated the impact of grape pulp (GRP) and tangerine pulp (TNP) supplementation (10% each) on alfalfa silage quality. The control silage received no additives. After a two-month fermentation period, silage samples were analyzed for chemical composition, fermentation quality, microflora, and organic acids. According to our results, both silage additives effectively lowered pH levels and isobutyric acid, while increased Fleig score and lactic acid levels compared to control group. However, GRP supplementation significantly increased the levels of crude protein (CP), yeast-mold colony count, and butyric acid levels. Conversely, TNP supplementation resulted in higher levels of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), valeric acid and lower acetic acid levels in the alfalfa silage samples. In conclusion, both GRP and TNP supplements have distinct effects on the chemical composition, silage quality, microflora, and organic acid profiles of alfalfa silage. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing alfalfa silage production and its utilization in animal nutrition. Further research could explore optimal inclusion rates and potential synergistic effects with other additives to enhance silage quality.
Assessment of serum calprotectin as a marker of inflammation in cattle with traumatic reticuloperitonitis
(Akadémiai Kiadó Zrt., 2024) Aydın, Ömer; Ulaş, Nergis; Kandemir, Özge; Baysal, Sümeyye; Genç, Aydın; Aktaş, Mustafa Sinan
Calprotectin (CP) is an inflammatory marker. The aim of the current study was to investigate oxidative stress and changes in CP in cattle with traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP). The study was divided into two groups, experimental (TRP) and healthy control group, with 10 animals in each group. Total leucocyte count, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were higher in the TRP group compared to the control group and this increase was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in TRP group was statistically significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.001). The level of glutathione (GSH) in the TRP group was statistically significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.001). Serum Amyloid A (SAA) and CP values were higher in the TRP group and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). It was concluded as a result of ROC analysis that CP, which has similar values with SAA, can be used diagnostically to confirm the inflammatory status in cattle with TRP.
Naringin attenuates oxaliplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity: A molecular, biochemical, and histopathological approach in a rat model
(Wiley, 2024) İleritürk, Mustafa; Kandemir, Özge; İleritürk, Duygu; Akaras, Nurhan; Şimşek, Hasan; Erdoğan, Ender; Kandemir, Fatih M.
Oxaliplatin (OXL) is a significant therapy agent for the worldwide increase in cancer cases. Naringin (4?,5,7?trihydroxy flavonon 7?rhamnoglucoside, NRG) has a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti? inflammatory potentials. This research aimed to investigate NRG activity in OXL? induced hepatorenal toxicity. Accordingly, OXL (4 mg/kg b.w.) in 5% glucose was injected intraperitoneally on the first, second, fifth, and sixth days, and NRG (50 and 100 mg/kg b.w.) was given orally 30 min before to treatment. Biochemical, genetic, and histological methods were utilized to investigate the function tests, oxidant/ antioxidant status, inflammation, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways in kidney and liver tissues. Administration of NRG demonstrated an antioxidant effect by increasing the activities of OXL?induced reduced antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and decreasing the elevated lipid peroxidation parameter malondialdehyde levels. Nuclear factor??B, tumor necrosis factor??, interleukin?1?, and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels increased in OXL administered groups but reduced in NRG?treated groups. In the OXL?administered groups, NRG reduced the apoptosis?inducing factors Caspase?3 and B?cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl?2)?associated X protein levels, while elevating the antiapoptotic factor Bcl?2 levels. OXL triggered prolonged ER stress by increasing the levels of ER stress parameters activating transcription factor 6, protein kinase R?like ER kinase, inositol?requiring enzyme 1?, and glucose?regulated protein 78. Therefore, with the NRG administration, this activity was reduced and the ER stress level decreased. Taken together, it was found that OXL induced toxicity by increasing the levels of urea and creatinine, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities, inflammation, apoptosis, ER stress, and oxidants in the liver and kidney tissue, and NRG had a protective effect by reversing the deterioration in these pathways.
Prognostic potential of inflammatory markers, oxidative status, thrombocyte indices, and renal biochemical markers in neonatal calf diarrhoea-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome
(Elsevier, 2023) Yanar, Kerim Emre; Eren, Emre; Aktaş, Mustafa Sinan; Eroğlu, Muhammed Sertaç; Kandemir, Özge; AydIn, Gürsel
The study aimed to assess the prognostic value of inflammatory markers, indicators of oxidative stress, thrombocyte indices, and renal biochemical markers in neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) induced by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) upon admission. A prospective, observational, and case-control study was conducted on 56 calves diagnosed with NCD. Mean concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine (Crea) were measured. Furthermore, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were also calculated for SIRS survivors [SIRS (survivor)] and non-survivors [SIRS (non-survivor)] induced by NCD. A prognostic cut-off value for predicting the prognosis of the SIRS's induced by NCD was obtained via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Upon admission, the SIRS (non-survivor) calves had significantly higher (P < .001) average levels of IL-6, MDA, BUN, Crea, MPV, and PDW compared to the SIRS (survivor) calves and significantly lower (P < .001) average levels of GSH. Despite an apparent increase in the NLR and PLR values of calves diagnosed with SIRS, no significant difference was found between the survival and non-survivor SIRS cases. Positive predictive values (PPVs) for survival were determined as 100 %, 100 %, 80 %, 100 %, 80 %, and 80 %, respectively, using cut-off values of IL-6 (<259.67 ng/L), MDA (<2.87 nmol/mL), MPV (<12.5 fL), PDW (<34.25 %), BUN (<168.3 mg/dL), and Crea (<2.11 mg/dL). The determined threshold values are those obtained upon admission to the hospital. Based on the sensitivity, specificity, and PPVs derived from the ROC analysis, it has been concluded that IL-6, MDA, MPV, PDW, BUN, and Crea are the most relevant biomarkers used for predicting the prognosis of NCD-induced SIRS in calves. Furthermore, it is also noteworthy that IL-6 exhibited the highest effectiveness among all biomarkers.
Physıcochemical, mıcrobıologıcal and sensory analyses of functıonal detox juıces fermented iıth water kefır grains
(Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği, 2023) Gülhan, Ayça
In this study, detox juice prepared from green fruit and vegetable juices was fermented with water kefir grains at 25 ? for 48 hours and stored at 4 ? for 6 days. The samples had pH values of 3.41-3.97, titratable acidity of 0.196-0.495 g/100 mL, and brix values of 8%-10.4%. The 0th day samples had less phenolic substance than the control (861.26±0.24 mg GAE/L) (P<0.05). DPPH (82.2±0.19%) and CUPRAC (1.18±0.05 mmol Trolox/g) were the highest on the 6th day of storage. At the end of fermentation, an increase in color values for L* and b* and a decrease in a* value were determined (P<0.05). The microorganism loads rose from the 2nd to the 6th day of storage. Green fruit and vegetable juices may be utilized to make water kefir, an innovative functional beverage for vegetarians and vegans who can not consume probiotic dairy products.
Design and Synthesis of A Novel N-Substituted Aminoalcohol Derivative with Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene
(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2023) Sonkaya, Ömer
Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene, N3P3Cl6, are cyclical and give substitution reactions with amines, alcohols, etc., nucleophiles. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of cyclotriphosphazene with bifunctional nucleophiles such as diols, diamines and aminoalcohols have been a subject of intense study over decades. Due to the stable P=N bond in phosphazenes, phosphazene derivatives can have properties such as resistance to heat, radiation, combustion, reducing and oxidizing substances. Cyclophosphazene derivatives usually have biological compatibility and degrade into non-toxic small molecules, thus are advantageous to biological activities and DNA interactions. For this reason, the properties of cyclic phosphazene compounds, anticarcinogenic, antibacterial and DNA interactions are currently studied topics. The condensation reactions of N/O donor type bifunctional N-substituted aminoalcohols with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene were investigated and the spiro-cyclic tetrachlorocyclotriphosphazene derivatives (1 - 4) were prepared. Elemental analyses, ESI-MS, FT-Raman, FTIR and NMR spectroscopy techniques were employed to characterize all of the compounds.
Carvacrol Ameliorates Sodium Arsenite-Induced Intestinal Toxicity
(Bingöl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2023) İleritürk, Mustafa; Kandemir, Özge
Arsenic is a very dangerous metal that is widely distributed in the environment as a result of anthropogenic and natural processes. On the other hand, it is thought that treatment with natural flavonoids may protect against arsenic toxicity. Carvacrol (CRV) is a naturally occurring phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant properties. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of CRV on sodium arsenite (SA)-induced intestinal toxicity. For this purpose, rats were randomly divided into five groups and administered SA and CRV orally for 14 days. The data indicate that when SA is administered, lipid peroxidation increase and antioxidant enzyme activities decrease. The administration of CRV ameliorated this impairment in the antioxidant defense system. Examining the expression levels of NF-?B and IL- 1? revealed that inflammation increased with SA application but decreased with CRV administration. Moreover, the expression levels of Caspase-3 and Apaf1 increased in rats treated with SA, whereas the severity of apoptosis decreased when CRV was administered. In light of these findings, it is possible to state that CRV protects tissues from damage by presenting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects in SA-induced intestinal toxicity.
Effects of dietary betaine and protected calcium butyrate supplementation on growth performance, blood biochemical status, and meat quality in growing Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica)
(Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee of Veterinary Sciences, 2023) Gümüş, E.; Sevim, Behlül; Olgun, O.; Küçükersan, S.
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of betaine (Bet) and protected calcium butyrate (PCB) supplementation individually and together on the performance, carcass traits, blood biochemistry, and meat quality of growing Japanese quails ( Coturnix coturnix Japonica) from 1 to 42 days old. 144 one-day-old unsexed Japanese quails were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments with six replicates each. All birds were fed a maize-soybean meal diet for 42 days. The control group received no feed additives, while the treatment groups received 1.2 g/kg Bet, 1.0 g/kg PCB, or a combination of both in their diets. The results indicated that Bet and PCB supplementation individually and together did not differ performance, relative weights of heart, gizzard, proventriculus, bursa of Fabricius and pancreas, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss (CL), blood biochemical values except for glucose and triglyceride. Bet supplementation significantly increased relative liver weights, while PCB supplementation decreased glucose levels in serum. Moreover, carcass yield was increased and triglyceride value in blood serum, malondialdehyde (MDA), and the pH levels of breast meats both on the 1st and 30st day of post-mortem were decreased in all treatment groups. Therefore, based on these results, the combination of betaine and butyrate improves both carcass yield and meat quality in growing Japanese quails. More research is needed to determine the impact of betaine and butyrate on the structure of amino acids in meat, antioxidant enzyme activity, and the immune system in poultry.
Usability of Carbon Sources as Sucrose, Honey and Agave Syrup in Fermentation of Lemonade with Water Kefir Grains
(Springer, 2023) Gülhan, Ayça
The aim of this study was to develop an innovative and functional beverage formulation with probiotic properties using carbon sources such as sucrose, agave syrup, and honey. Analysis showed that lemonade-honey had the highest antioxidant values on day 0, but activity decreased on day 14. The numbers of Lactococcus ssp., Lactobacillus ssp., and total bacteria in lemonade-honey were found to be higher on the days 0 and 7 of fermentation than on day 14. The highest glucose and fructose concentrations and the lowest sucrose concentrations in lemonade-agave syrup and lemonade-honey were on day 7. At the end of fermentation, the highest concentration of vitamin C was detected in the lemonade-agave syrup formulation. All mineral substances analyzed in lemonade-honey reached their highest values on the days 7 and 14 of storage, especially phosphorus, potassium, iron, and zinc. In terms of sensory characteristics, the panelists gave higher scores for lemonade-agave syrup. As a result, all lemonade formulations proved to be suitable for water kefir. However, lemonade-agave syrup and lemonade-honey are recommended to be consumed within the first seven days due to their pleasant aroma, probiotic functional properties, better preservation of bioactive components, and lower acidity.
Evaluation the Storage Stability of Crab Apple (Malus floribunda) Anthocyanins, a Natural Antioxidant Colorant, in Turkish Delights
(Instituto de Tecnologia do Parana, 2023) Gülhan, Ayça; Çoklar, Hacer; Akbulut, Mehmet
In this study, the usability of crab apple (Malus floribunda), which can be consumed as food but has limited economic use, as a natural colorant in Turkish delight was investigated. Crab apple concentrate was added to Turkish delight at a rate of 1.83% during production. Produced Turkish delight were stored at 22, 28 and 35 oC for 6 months and analyzed some physicochemical and biochemical parameters. With the increase in storage temperature and time, there were no significant changes in the titratable acidity compared to the initial values. As the storage temperature and time increased, the L*, a*, C* values of all samples decreased, while the b* and h values increased. The increase in temperature and time during the 6-month storage period caused a significant decrease in total phenolic, total monomeric anthocyanin and antioxidant activity values. Degradation of crab apple anthocyanins during storage occurred according to first-order reaction kinetics. The degradation rate constants of anthocyanin in Turkish delight stored at 22, 28 and 35 °C were determined as -4.2x10-3 days-1, -8.7x10-3 days-1 and -14.2x10-3 days-1, respectively. According to the results obtained, the addition of crab apple juice concentrate gave both desired color and functional properties to Turkish delight.
The Usability of Crab Apple (Malus floribunda) Anthocyanins as a Natural Colorant in Apple Marmalade
(Instituto de Tecnologia do Parana, 2023) Gülhan, Ayça; Çoklar, Hacer; Akbulut, Mehmet
In this study, the usability of crab apple as a natural food colorant for apple marmalade was investigated. Marmalades were stored at 9, 22, and 35 °C for 6 months and analyzed some physicochemical and biochemical parameters. Titratable acidity decreased with the increase of storage temperature and time in marmalades compared to the initial values. As the storage temperature and time increased, the lightness (L*), redness (a*), chroma (C*) values of the samples decreased, while the hue angle (h) and yellowness (b*) values increased. The increase in temperature and time during the storage period caused a significant decrease in total phenolic content, total monomeric anthocyanin, and antioxidant activity values. The degradation of anthocyanins during storage occurred according to first-order reaction kinetics. According to the results obtained, the addition of crab apple juice concentrate allowed the desired level of color to be formed in apple marmalade as well as a functional product.

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