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Use of ice teas formulated with black teas prepared with different infusion methods and grape juice in the production of water kefir beverages
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Gülhan, Ayca
In this research, ice teas formulated with black teas prepared with cold and hot infusion methods and grape juice were subjected to fermentation with water kefir grains. The fermentation process lasted 48 h at 25 °C, followed by a 14-day storage period at 4 °C. As a result of fermentation with water kefir grains, a decrease in pH and total soluble solid content of ice teas and an increase in titratable acidity were detected. At the end of fermentation, the CO2 amount was determined to be 1.86 g/100 mL in teas prepared with a cold infusion and 2.23 g/100 mL in teas prepared with a hot infusion. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of ice teas prepared with the hot infusion method gave higher values. The duration of storage led to a decrease in the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content for both formulations. While the glucose, fructose, and sucrose values of teas prepared with the cold infusion method were 4.109%, 4.804%, and 2.312% at the end of fermentation, these values were found to be 4.649%, 5.528%, and 1.273% in the teas prepared with the hot infusion method. The analysis of the phenolic components showed that the main phenolic components were gallic acid, quercetin, epicatechin, and rosmarinic acid. It was found that the number of Lactobacillus spp. was 7.55 to 8.14, the number of Lactococcus spp. was 6.80 to 7.36, the total number of mesophilic and aerobic bacteria was 7.57 to 8.27, and the yeast count was 5.22 to 5.90 in ice teas made with different infusion methods and while they were stored. As a result of sensory analysis with produced water kefir beverages, panelists showed a significant preference for the hot infusion formulation. As a result, the produced ice tea formulations could be used as a fermentation medium by the microorganisms in water kefir grains, and ice teas with functional properties were produced.
Investigation of the Effects of Rutin in Spraque Dawley Rats with Biochemical Parameters in Colistin-Induced Lung Injury
(Bingöl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2024) Kandemir, Özge; Küçükler, Sefa
olistin (COL), frequently used for Gram-negative bacteria, may cause pulmonary toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Flavanoid-type antioxidants have started to be used frequently against toxicity caused by different chemical agents. Rutin (RUT) is one of the flavanoid-type antioxidants. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of RUT in rats with COL-induced lung injury using biochemical parameters. In the experiment, 35 Spraqe Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n=7): Control, RUT, COL, COL+RUT50, and COL+RUT100. It was determined that COL increased lung tissue MDA values, decreased SOD, CAT, GPx activities, and GSH values, and triggered oxidative stress. COL administration increased NF-kB, TNF-?, IL-1?, MPO, and COX-2 levels, decreased mTOR levels, increased Beclin-1 levels and accelerated autophagy, increased Caspase-3 activity, and induced apoptosis. It was determined that RUT administration suppressed oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis by reversely regulating all these markers and reducing cell damage. The findings showed that the RUT application would be useful in COL-induced lung injury.
Evaluation of some physicochemical, nutritional, and microbiological properties and sensory profiles of green tea and almond milk kombucha beverages
(Springer, 2024) Gülhan, Ayça
Almond milk is one of the popular plant-based milks due to its nutritional properties and health benefits. Recently, using alternative raw materials instead of Camellia sinensis tea has attracted more attention in order to increase kombucha’s health benefits and improve sensory properties. This study aimed to obtain a beverage with enhanced functional properties by fermenting almond milk with kombucha as a new substrate source, providing an alternative to kombucha derived from green tea. In this context, we prepared kombucha beverages using green tea (KT) and almond milk (AMK) and analyzed specific dynamic parameters at different fermentation times (up to 14 days) to evaluate the effects of substrate sources. According to the results, as fermentation progressed, the pH and total soluble solids decreased and titratable acidity increased in both kombucha beverages. On the 14th-day samples, AMK exhibited the highest values in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity (96.90%), CUPRAC (1.28 mmol Trolox/g), and total phenolic content (611.66 mg GAE/L). In AMK, the highest counts were reached on the 14th day of fermentation for acetic acid bacteria (7.99 log CFU/mL) and yeast (7.23 log CFU/mL), while the highest lactic acid bacteria value was determined on the 7th day of fermentation in AMK (7.44 log CFU/mL). On the 7th and 14th days of fermentation, acetic, gluconic, glucuronic, lactic and citric acids were detected at the highest levels in the AMK sample. Kombucha beverages showed suitable ethanol levels (0.35–0.74 g/L). The findings show that almond milk can be used as an alternative raw material in the development of kombuchas with higher bioactive potential and contribute to optimizing the fermentation process.
Kitosan ve organik asitli çözeltilerinin mısır silajı kalitesine etkileri
(Turkish Science and Technology Publishing (TURSTEP), 2024) Sırakaya, Selim
Silaj grubu yemlerin, belirli kalite standartlarında muhafaza edilmeleri noktasında, bazen katkı maddesi kullanımı önemlidir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, non-toksik, antimikrobiyal, antifungal ve biyobozunur özeliklere sahip kitosan ve kitosanın asetik ve laktik asitle hazırlanan jelatinize çözeltilerinin, mısır silajında katkı olarak kullanım potansiyelinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Kitosan ve organik asitli çözeltileri, mısır silajına iki farklı biçimde uygulanmıştır. Mısır silajına, %0,5 - %1,0 ve %2,0 oranlarında kitosan karıştırılmış ayrıca %2’lik asetik ve laktik asit çözeltilerine, %0,0 - %1,0 ve %2.0 kitosan ilave edilerek hazırlanan jelatinize karışımlar, %10 oranında mısır silajına püskürtülmüştür. Kitosanlı gruplarda, ham protein (HP), toplam sindirilebilir besinler (TSB) ve enerji değerleri (ME, NEL, NEM, NEG), diğer gruplara oranla yüksek bulunmuştur. NDF ve ADF’de çözünmeyen kalıntıların HP değerleri (NDICP, ADICP), %2,0 kitosanlı grupta daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Nispi yem değeri (NYD), kitosanlı gruplarda yüksek bulunmuştur. Besin maddeleri tüm gruplar arasında değişkenlik göstermiş, fakat değişkenliklerin gruplar arasındaki kolerasyonu uyumlu bulunmamıştır. Amonyak azotu (NH3-N) en fazla %2,0 kitosan grubunda görülmüştür. Bütirik asit sadece kitosanlı gruplarda tespit edilmiştir. Laktik, asetik ve propiyonik asit miktarları gruplar arasında farklılık göstermiş fakat bu farklılıklar katkı uygulama oranları nispetinde olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Küf sadece kontrol grubunda tespit edilmiş, uygulama gruplarında ise görülmemiştir. Laktik asit bakterileri (LAB) uygulama gruplarında, kontrol grubuna oranla daha az bulunmuş ve en az %2,0 kitosan grubunda görülmüştür. Enterobakteri grubu mikroorganizmalar uygulama gruplarında tespit edilmemiştir. Maya en fazla kitosanlı gruplarda görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak kitosan ve kitosanlı çözeltiler, bazı parametrelerde olumlu değişimlere sebep olsa da genel olarak fermantatif ve mikrobiyoljik kalite bakımından istenilen düzeyde iyileştirme sağlamamıştır.
The investigation of the fermentative, chemical and microbial Eefects of grape and tangerine pomace added to high moisture alfalfa silage
(Sezer ÖZ, 2024) Gümüş, Erinç; Ünal, Yüce; Yavuz, Musa; Sırakaya, Selim; Sevim, Behlül; Ayaşan, Tugay
This study investigated the impact of grape pulp (GRP) and tangerine pulp (TNP) supplementation (10% each) on alfalfa silage quality. The control silage received no additives. After a two-month fermentation period, silage samples were analyzed for chemical composition, fermentation quality, microflora, and organic acids. According to our results, both silage additives effectively lowered pH levels and isobutyric acid, while increased Fleig score and lactic acid levels compared to control group. However, GRP supplementation significantly increased the levels of crude protein (CP), yeast-mold colony count, and butyric acid levels. Conversely, TNP supplementation resulted in higher levels of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), valeric acid and lower acetic acid levels in the alfalfa silage samples. In conclusion, both GRP and TNP supplements have distinct effects on the chemical composition, silage quality, microflora, and organic acid profiles of alfalfa silage. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing alfalfa silage production and its utilization in animal nutrition. Further research could explore optimal inclusion rates and potential synergistic effects with other additives to enhance silage quality.
Assessment of serum calprotectin as a marker of inflammation in cattle with traumatic reticuloperitonitis
(Akadémiai Kiadó Zrt., 2024) Aydın, Ömer; Ulaş, Nergis; Kandemir, Özge; Baysal, Sümeyye; Genç, Aydın; Aktaş, Mustafa Sinan
Calprotectin (CP) is an inflammatory marker. The aim of the current study was to investigate oxidative stress and changes in CP in cattle with traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP). The study was divided into two groups, experimental (TRP) and healthy control group, with 10 animals in each group. Total leucocyte count, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were higher in the TRP group compared to the control group and this increase was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in TRP group was statistically significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.001). The level of glutathione (GSH) in the TRP group was statistically significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.001). Serum Amyloid A (SAA) and CP values were higher in the TRP group and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). It was concluded as a result of ROC analysis that CP, which has similar values with SAA, can be used diagnostically to confirm the inflammatory status in cattle with TRP.
Naringin attenuates oxaliplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity: A molecular, biochemical, and histopathological approach in a rat model
(Wiley, 2024) İleritürk, Mustafa; Kandemir, Özge; İleritürk, Duygu; Akaras, Nurhan; Şimşek, Hasan; Erdoğan, Ender; Kandemir, Fatih M.
Oxaliplatin (OXL) is a significant therapy agent for the worldwide increase in cancer cases. Naringin (4?,5,7?trihydroxy flavonon 7?rhamnoglucoside, NRG) has a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti? inflammatory potentials. This research aimed to investigate NRG activity in OXL? induced hepatorenal toxicity. Accordingly, OXL (4 mg/kg b.w.) in 5% glucose was injected intraperitoneally on the first, second, fifth, and sixth days, and NRG (50 and 100 mg/kg b.w.) was given orally 30 min before to treatment. Biochemical, genetic, and histological methods were utilized to investigate the function tests, oxidant/ antioxidant status, inflammation, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways in kidney and liver tissues. Administration of NRG demonstrated an antioxidant effect by increasing the activities of OXL?induced reduced antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and decreasing the elevated lipid peroxidation parameter malondialdehyde levels. Nuclear factor??B, tumor necrosis factor??, interleukin?1?, and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels increased in OXL administered groups but reduced in NRG?treated groups. In the OXL?administered groups, NRG reduced the apoptosis?inducing factors Caspase?3 and B?cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl?2)?associated X protein levels, while elevating the antiapoptotic factor Bcl?2 levels. OXL triggered prolonged ER stress by increasing the levels of ER stress parameters activating transcription factor 6, protein kinase R?like ER kinase, inositol?requiring enzyme 1?, and glucose?regulated protein 78. Therefore, with the NRG administration, this activity was reduced and the ER stress level decreased. Taken together, it was found that OXL induced toxicity by increasing the levels of urea and creatinine, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities, inflammation, apoptosis, ER stress, and oxidants in the liver and kidney tissue, and NRG had a protective effect by reversing the deterioration in these pathways.
Prognostic potential of inflammatory markers, oxidative status, thrombocyte indices, and renal biochemical markers in neonatal calf diarrhoea-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome
(Elsevier, 2023) Yanar, Kerim Emre; Eren, Emre; Aktaş, Mustafa Sinan; Eroğlu, Muhammed Sertaç; Kandemir, Özge; AydIn, Gürsel
The study aimed to assess the prognostic value of inflammatory markers, indicators of oxidative stress, thrombocyte indices, and renal biochemical markers in neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) induced by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) upon admission. A prospective, observational, and case-control study was conducted on 56 calves diagnosed with NCD. Mean concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine (Crea) were measured. Furthermore, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were also calculated for SIRS survivors [SIRS (survivor)] and non-survivors [SIRS (non-survivor)] induced by NCD. A prognostic cut-off value for predicting the prognosis of the SIRS's induced by NCD was obtained via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Upon admission, the SIRS (non-survivor) calves had significantly higher (P < .001) average levels of IL-6, MDA, BUN, Crea, MPV, and PDW compared to the SIRS (survivor) calves and significantly lower (P < .001) average levels of GSH. Despite an apparent increase in the NLR and PLR values of calves diagnosed with SIRS, no significant difference was found between the survival and non-survivor SIRS cases. Positive predictive values (PPVs) for survival were determined as 100 %, 100 %, 80 %, 100 %, 80 %, and 80 %, respectively, using cut-off values of IL-6 (<259.67 ng/L), MDA (<2.87 nmol/mL), MPV (<12.5 fL), PDW (<34.25 %), BUN (<168.3 mg/dL), and Crea (<2.11 mg/dL). The determined threshold values are those obtained upon admission to the hospital. Based on the sensitivity, specificity, and PPVs derived from the ROC analysis, it has been concluded that IL-6, MDA, MPV, PDW, BUN, and Crea are the most relevant biomarkers used for predicting the prognosis of NCD-induced SIRS in calves. Furthermore, it is also noteworthy that IL-6 exhibited the highest effectiveness among all biomarkers.
Physıcochemical, mıcrobıologıcal and sensory analyses of functıonal detox juıces fermented iıth water kefır grains
(Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği, 2023) Gülhan, Ayça
In this study, detox juice prepared from green fruit and vegetable juices was fermented with water kefir grains at 25 ? for 48 hours and stored at 4 ? for 6 days. The samples had pH values of 3.41-3.97, titratable acidity of 0.196-0.495 g/100 mL, and brix values of 8%-10.4%. The 0th day samples had less phenolic substance than the control (861.26±0.24 mg GAE/L) (P<0.05). DPPH (82.2±0.19%) and CUPRAC (1.18±0.05 mmol Trolox/g) were the highest on the 6th day of storage. At the end of fermentation, an increase in color values for L* and b* and a decrease in a* value were determined (P<0.05). The microorganism loads rose from the 2nd to the 6th day of storage. Green fruit and vegetable juices may be utilized to make water kefir, an innovative functional beverage for vegetarians and vegans who can not consume probiotic dairy products.
Design and Synthesis of A Novel N-Substituted Aminoalcohol Derivative with Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene
(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2023) Sonkaya, Ömer
Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene, N3P3Cl6, are cyclical and give substitution reactions with amines, alcohols, etc., nucleophiles. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of cyclotriphosphazene with bifunctional nucleophiles such as diols, diamines and aminoalcohols have been a subject of intense study over decades. Due to the stable P=N bond in phosphazenes, phosphazene derivatives can have properties such as resistance to heat, radiation, combustion, reducing and oxidizing substances. Cyclophosphazene derivatives usually have biological compatibility and degrade into non-toxic small molecules, thus are advantageous to biological activities and DNA interactions. For this reason, the properties of cyclic phosphazene compounds, anticarcinogenic, antibacterial and DNA interactions are currently studied topics. The condensation reactions of N/O donor type bifunctional N-substituted aminoalcohols with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene were investigated and the spiro-cyclic tetrachlorocyclotriphosphazene derivatives (1 - 4) were prepared. Elemental analyses, ESI-MS, FT-Raman, FTIR and NMR spectroscopy techniques were employed to characterize all of the compounds.
Carvacrol Ameliorates Sodium Arsenite-Induced Intestinal Toxicity
(Bingöl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2023) İleritürk, Mustafa; Kandemir, Özge
Arsenic is a very dangerous metal that is widely distributed in the environment as a result of anthropogenic and natural processes. On the other hand, it is thought that treatment with natural flavonoids may protect against arsenic toxicity. Carvacrol (CRV) is a naturally occurring phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant properties. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of CRV on sodium arsenite (SA)-induced intestinal toxicity. For this purpose, rats were randomly divided into five groups and administered SA and CRV orally for 14 days. The data indicate that when SA is administered, lipid peroxidation increase and antioxidant enzyme activities decrease. The administration of CRV ameliorated this impairment in the antioxidant defense system. Examining the expression levels of NF-?B and IL- 1? revealed that inflammation increased with SA application but decreased with CRV administration. Moreover, the expression levels of Caspase-3 and Apaf1 increased in rats treated with SA, whereas the severity of apoptosis decreased when CRV was administered. In light of these findings, it is possible to state that CRV protects tissues from damage by presenting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects in SA-induced intestinal toxicity.
Effects of dietary betaine and protected calcium butyrate supplementation on growth performance, blood biochemical status, and meat quality in growing Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica)
(Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee of Veterinary Sciences, 2023) Gümüş, E.; Sevim, Behlül; Olgun, O.; Küçükersan, S.
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of betaine (Bet) and protected calcium butyrate (PCB) supplementation individually and together on the performance, carcass traits, blood biochemistry, and meat quality of growing Japanese quails ( Coturnix coturnix Japonica) from 1 to 42 days old. 144 one-day-old unsexed Japanese quails were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments with six replicates each. All birds were fed a maize-soybean meal diet for 42 days. The control group received no feed additives, while the treatment groups received 1.2 g/kg Bet, 1.0 g/kg PCB, or a combination of both in their diets. The results indicated that Bet and PCB supplementation individually and together did not differ performance, relative weights of heart, gizzard, proventriculus, bursa of Fabricius and pancreas, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss (CL), blood biochemical values except for glucose and triglyceride. Bet supplementation significantly increased relative liver weights, while PCB supplementation decreased glucose levels in serum. Moreover, carcass yield was increased and triglyceride value in blood serum, malondialdehyde (MDA), and the pH levels of breast meats both on the 1st and 30st day of post-mortem were decreased in all treatment groups. Therefore, based on these results, the combination of betaine and butyrate improves both carcass yield and meat quality in growing Japanese quails. More research is needed to determine the impact of betaine and butyrate on the structure of amino acids in meat, antioxidant enzyme activity, and the immune system in poultry.
Usability of Carbon Sources as Sucrose, Honey and Agave Syrup in Fermentation of Lemonade with Water Kefir Grains
(Springer, 2023) Gülhan, Ayça
The aim of this study was to develop an innovative and functional beverage formulation with probiotic properties using carbon sources such as sucrose, agave syrup, and honey. Analysis showed that lemonade-honey had the highest antioxidant values on day 0, but activity decreased on day 14. The numbers of Lactococcus ssp., Lactobacillus ssp., and total bacteria in lemonade-honey were found to be higher on the days 0 and 7 of fermentation than on day 14. The highest glucose and fructose concentrations and the lowest sucrose concentrations in lemonade-agave syrup and lemonade-honey were on day 7. At the end of fermentation, the highest concentration of vitamin C was detected in the lemonade-agave syrup formulation. All mineral substances analyzed in lemonade-honey reached their highest values on the days 7 and 14 of storage, especially phosphorus, potassium, iron, and zinc. In terms of sensory characteristics, the panelists gave higher scores for lemonade-agave syrup. As a result, all lemonade formulations proved to be suitable for water kefir. However, lemonade-agave syrup and lemonade-honey are recommended to be consumed within the first seven days due to their pleasant aroma, probiotic functional properties, better preservation of bioactive components, and lower acidity.
Evaluation the Storage Stability of Crab Apple (Malus floribunda) Anthocyanins, a Natural Antioxidant Colorant, in Turkish Delights
(Instituto de Tecnologia do Parana, 2023) Gülhan, Ayça; Çoklar, Hacer; Akbulut, Mehmet
In this study, the usability of crab apple (Malus floribunda), which can be consumed as food but has limited economic use, as a natural colorant in Turkish delight was investigated. Crab apple concentrate was added to Turkish delight at a rate of 1.83% during production. Produced Turkish delight were stored at 22, 28 and 35 oC for 6 months and analyzed some physicochemical and biochemical parameters. With the increase in storage temperature and time, there were no significant changes in the titratable acidity compared to the initial values. As the storage temperature and time increased, the L*, a*, C* values of all samples decreased, while the b* and h values increased. The increase in temperature and time during the 6-month storage period caused a significant decrease in total phenolic, total monomeric anthocyanin and antioxidant activity values. Degradation of crab apple anthocyanins during storage occurred according to first-order reaction kinetics. The degradation rate constants of anthocyanin in Turkish delight stored at 22, 28 and 35 °C were determined as -4.2x10-3 days-1, -8.7x10-3 days-1 and -14.2x10-3 days-1, respectively. According to the results obtained, the addition of crab apple juice concentrate gave both desired color and functional properties to Turkish delight.
The Usability of Crab Apple (Malus floribunda) Anthocyanins as a Natural Colorant in Apple Marmalade
(Instituto de Tecnologia do Parana, 2023) Gülhan, Ayça; Çoklar, Hacer; Akbulut, Mehmet
In this study, the usability of crab apple as a natural food colorant for apple marmalade was investigated. Marmalades were stored at 9, 22, and 35 °C for 6 months and analyzed some physicochemical and biochemical parameters. Titratable acidity decreased with the increase of storage temperature and time in marmalades compared to the initial values. As the storage temperature and time increased, the lightness (L*), redness (a*), chroma (C*) values of the samples decreased, while the hue angle (h) and yellowness (b*) values increased. The increase in temperature and time during the storage period caused a significant decrease in total phenolic content, total monomeric anthocyanin, and antioxidant activity values. The degradation of anthocyanins during storage occurred according to first-order reaction kinetics. According to the results obtained, the addition of crab apple juice concentrate allowed the desired level of color to be formed in apple marmalade as well as a functional product.
Hesperidin has a protective effect on paclitaxel-induced testicular toxicity through regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress
(Elsevier Inc., 2023) İleritürk, Mustafa; Kandemir, Özge; Akaras, Nurhan; Şimsek, Hasan; Genç, Aydın; Kandemir, Fatih Mehmet
Paclitaxel (PTX) is widely used to treat a number of malignancies, although it has toxic side effects. Hesperidin (HES) has a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant abilities. This research aims to investigate the role of HES in PTX-induced testicular toxicity. For 5 days, 2 mg/kg/bw i.p. of PTX was administered to induce testicular toxicity. Rats were administered oral dosages of 100 and 200 mg/kg/bw HES for 10 days after PTX injection. The mechanisms of inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidants were investigated using biochemical, genetic, and histological techniques. As a result of PTX administration, decreased antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) activities and increased malondialdehyde level were regulated, and the severity of oxidative stress was reduced. NF-?B, IL-1? and TNF-? levels, which are among the increased inflammation parameters caused by PTX, decreased with HES administration. Although AKT2 gene expression decreased in PTX administered rats, it was determined that HES administration up-regulated AKT2 mRNA expression. Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 decreased with PTX administration, and apoptotic Bax and Caspase-3 increased while HES administration reverted these effects towards control level. As a result of toxicity, the increase in ATF6, PERK, IRE1?, GRP78 levels caused prolonged ER stress, and this activity was diminished with HES and tended to regress. While all data were evaluated, Paclitaxel caused damage by increasing inflammation, apoptosis, ER stress and oxidant levels in testicular tissue, and Hesperidin showed a protective effect by correcting the deterioration in these levels.
Protective Effect of Rutin on Malathion-induced Gastric Toxicity: Evaluation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis
(Mesut AKSAKAL, 2023) İleritürk, Mustafa; Kandemir, Özge
Malathion (MLT) is widely used as an insecticide in agricultural, veterinary, medicinal, and public health applications. MLT is taken up by the body through the skin, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. Rutin (RUT) is a powerful, naturally occurring antioxidant molecule isolated from citrus fruits with low toxicity and powerful anti-oxidant capabilities. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of RUT against MLT-induced gastric toxicity. For this purpose, rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 7 animals in each group. Rats were administered orally 100 mg/kg MLT and 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg RUT for 28 days. According to the results obtained, while MLT caused lipid peroxidation by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, it also suppressed antioxidant capacity by decreasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activities and lowering glutathione (GSH) levels. RUT application decreased the severity of lipid peroxidation and tried to increase antioxidant capacity. In addition, in rats administered MLT, it was determined that inflammation was caused by the increase in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-?B), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF?), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA transcript levels, and that the severity of inflammation decreased in a dose-dependent manner with RUT application. When apoptosis, another measured panel, was evaluated, it was determined that the Bax level increased while Bcl-2 decreased as a result of toxicity induced by MLT. However, with the RUT application, it was determined that these parameters had the opposite effect and approached the control group values. When all the results are evaluated, it can be said that RUT application has protective effects on MLT-induced gastric toxicity.
Feed Value of Emmer Wheat (Triticum dicoccum) and By-products for Ruminant Animals
(Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, 2023) Sırakaya, Selim
Ancient wheat species attracts more attention recently due to their health benefits and suitability for organic farming. With this attention, the possibilities of using ancient wheat species and especially their by-products in animal nutrition are emerging. Unlike modern wheat varieties, emmer is known as one of the ancient wheat varieties, has hull covering its grains. Approximately 70% of the total plant weight consists of hulls and stalks. Looking at the literature, limited studies has been conducted regarding the evaluation of the hull and stalk parts of emmer wheat as feed. Herein, this study aims to determine the nutritional values of emmer wheat and its by-products. The feed value of the plant was analyzed in five parts (hulled grain, stalk of plant, hull, naked grain and flour). For each part, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether exract (EE), crude ash (CA), starch, crude fiber (CF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP), neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP), lignin and mineral analyzes were made. In addition, non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC), digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter intake by animal body weight (DMIBW), total digestible nutriton (TDN1X), net energy lactation (NEL3X), metabolic energy (ME), net energy maintanence (NEM), net energy gain (NEG), energy and digestibility calculations were performed. The protein content of emmer grain was observed higher than that of modern wheat. ADF and NDF values of the emmer wheat stalks are lower than modern wheat stalks and therefore have better digestibility values. Additionally, the higher resistance to starch digestion compared to modern wheat varieties may be a reason for preference in ruminant feeding.
Enhancement of Strawberry Marmalade with Crab Apple (Malus floribunda) Anthocyanins
(Iğdır Üniversitesi, 2023) Gülhan, Ayca; Çoklar, Hacer; Akbulut, Mehmet
The usability of crab apple (Malus floribunda) as a natural colorant and anthocyanin source to stabilize the color of strawberry marmalades was investigated. Crab apple juice concentrate was added to strawberry marmalades at a rate of 2% during the production phase. The pH values of the samples changed in the range of 3.36-3.46 during the 6-month storage periods at 9, 22, and 35 ºC. With the increase in storage temperature and time, the titration acidity (TA) decreased compared to the initial values. Soluble solid content (SSC) tended to decrease with increasing storage temperature and time. As the storage temperature and time increased, the L*, a*, b* and C* values of the samples decreased, while the h values increased. The increase in temperature and time in the 6-month storage period caused a significant decrease in total phenolic content (TPC), total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) and antioxidant activity values. The losses in the amount of TMA were measured as 36.53%, 70.74% and 91.46% in the samples stored at 9, 22, and 35 ºC, respectively. According to the kinetic data, the degradation of crab apple anthocyanins occurred according to first-order reaction kinetics during storage. The rate constants of the samples stored at 9, 22, and 35 ºC were determined as 2.6×10-3 day-1, 6.5×10-3 day-1 and 12.9×10-3 day-1, respectively. The addition of crab apple juice concentrate to strawberry marmalades increased the color intensity and anthocyanin stability that decreased during production and storage, and made the product functional.
Chemical, nutritive, fermentative and microbial composition of almond hull silage
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Sırakaya, Selim
Almond hulls are generally used as feed after drying. In this study, silage was made from almond hulls and quality and feed potential were investigated. In this context, chemical, fermentation, microbiological analyses and digestion–energy calculations were made. The total weight of the almond fruit was 10.47 ± 1.68 g, the hull weight was 6.56 ± 1.30 g and the percentage of the hull to the total fruit was 62.48 ± 6.57. In the almond hull silage samples, pH 5.75 ± 0.01, NH3–N 112.5 ± 1.45 g kg?1, lactic acid 63.79 ± 1.83 g kg?1, acetic acid 22.94 ± 1.93 g kg?1, propionic acid 28.27 ± 1.45 g kg?1 and butyric acid 9.59 ± 0.88 g kg?1 were determined. Yeast–mould and enterobacter were not detected and the lactic acid bacteria was 4.54 ± 0.04 log cfu g?1. The most potassium 1212.50 ± 23.90 ppm, calcium 621.36 ± 23.91 ppm and magnesium 586.25 ± 21.43 ppm minerals were found. Crude protein was 92.5 ± 5.9 g kg?1, crude ash 111.3 ± 1.1 g kg?1, acid detergent fibre 282.7 ± 2.9 g kg?1, neutral detergent fibre 394.3 ± 2.7 g kg?1, total digestible nutrients 521.7 ± 8.5 g kg?1, metabolic energy 1.85 ± 0.03 mcal kg?1 and net energy lactation 1.11 ± 0.03 mcal kg?1 were determined. It was concluded that although almond hull fermentation properties are partially desirable, they can be stored and used as silage.

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