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Öğe Influence of web holes on cold-formed steel beams: Experimental and numerical analysis(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Oruç, RamazanThis research investigates the impact of web holes on the bending behaviour of beams, presenting both experimental and numerical investigations. It also introduces a new design equation. The experimental study involved subjecting 11 beams with and without holes to a four-point bending test, considering variables such as hole dimensions, number of holes, and spacing. The moment carrying capacity and failure modes of the beams with and without holes were thoroughly examined. It was established that hole dimensions play a crucial role in both the moment carrying capacity and failure mode of the beams. The numerical study developed 106 finite element models to validate the experimental data and explore various parameters. The validation models demonstrated good agreement with the experimental results. The parametric study analyzed variables such as hole shape, size, spacing, location, and section thickness. It was found that the moment carrying capacity decreased when the hole height/web height ratio exceeded 0.67, and the web height/thickness ratio increased. The numerical study results were compared with the local buckling strength equations proposed by AISI S100, AS/NZS 4600, and the design equation in the literature. The comparison revealed the inadequacy of these approaches as hole dimensions increased. Consequently, a new design equation for local buckling strength calculations was proposed and compared with the results. The proposed equation yielded more consistent results, especially for members with larger hole sizes.Öğe Investigation of conical roof beam under vertical loads: Experimental and parametric studies(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Oruç, Ramazan; Kara, Mehmet EminThis study presents experimental and numerical analyses to investigate the bending behavior of cold-formed steel (CFS) conical roof beams under vertical loads. The effects of radial beam orientation (face-to-face and face-to-back) and the spacing between circular beams (4500 mm, 1800 mm, 900 mm) on moment capacity, buckling modes, and deformation behavior were examined. Six single-span beam systems were tested, and it was observed that decreasing the spacing between circular beams increased the moment capacity and altered the buckling modes. The face-to-back orientation of radial beams reduced lateral displacement and rotation angles. Experimental results were validated using finite element analysis, and parametric studies were conducted. The parametric analyses revealed that decreasing the height-to-thickness (h/t) ratio of radial beams increased the moment capacity, while the thickness of circular beams had a limited effect. The results were compared with AISI S100–16 standards and an additional method to estimate local and distortional buckling capacities more accurately within the existing DSM approach.Öğe Web crippling behaviour of cold-formed steel channels web holes under end two flange (etf) loading(Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, 2024) Bölükbaş, YakupThe design of the web-crippling behavior of cold-formed steel elements (CFS), which have been widely used in recent years, is essential. The concentrated loads acting on CFS members cause the section's web to crush and buckle. For this reason, it is necessary to calculate the web crippling strength correctly in the design of CFS sections. In order to observe the web-crippling behavior of CFS channel sections with holes drilled in the webs, this paper presents experimental and numerical experiments. Seven sections of the real-world system intended for End Two Flange (ETF) loading scenarios underwent testing. The tested cells were simulated by the finite element method with ABAQUS software. As a result of the numerical studies, 150 different model finite element analysis results are presented in the parametric study. In addition, the equations proposed by AISI and Eurocode 3 for the web-crippling design of CFS channel sections without web holes are analyzed. The findings of parametric investigations are compared with the design equation for sections with web holes presented by Uzzaman et al., and new coefficients are suggested for this equation. As a result of the study, the distance from the hole to the loading plate of CFS channel sections affects the section bearing capacity. Increasing the hole diameter drilled into the section web reduces the bearing capacity of the section. It is seen that h/t and N/t are more effective than R/t in the equation proposed by AISI for predicting the web-crippling strength of CFS channel sections.Öğe Evaluating Performances of LSTM, SVM, GPR, and RF for Drought Prediction in Norway: A Wavelet Decomposition Approach on Regional Forecasting(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024) Oruç, Sertaç; Hınıs, Mehmet Ali; Tuğrul, TürkerA serious natural disaster that poses a threat to people and their living spaces is drought, which is difficult to notice at first and can quickly spread to wide areas through subtle progression. Numerous methods are being explored to identify, prevent, and mitigate drought, and distinct metrics have been developed. In order to contribute to the research on measures to be taken against drought, the Standard Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPEI), one of the drought indices that has been developed and accepted in recent years and includes a more comprehensive drought definition, was chosen in this study. Machine learning and deep learning algorithms, including support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), long short-term memory (LSTM), and Gaussian process regression (GPR), were used to model the droughts in six regions of Norway: Bodø, Karasjok, Oslo, Tromsø, Trondheim, and Vadsø. Four distinct model architectures were employed for this goal, and as a novel approach, the models’ output was enhanced by using discrete wavelet decomposition/transformation (WT). The model outputs were evaluated using the correlation coefficient (r), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and root mean square error (RMSE) as performance evaluation criteria. When the findings were analyzed, the GPR model (W-GPR), which was acquired after WT, typically produced the best results. Furthermore, it was discovered that, out of all the recognized models, M04 had the most effective model structure.Öğe Beyond traditional metrics: exploring the potential of hybrid algorithms for Drought characterization and prediction in the Tromso Region, Norway(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024) Oruç, Sertaç; Tuğrul, Türker; Hınıs, Mehmet AliMeteorological drought, defined as a decrease in the average amount of precipitation, is among the most insidious natural disasters. Not knowing when a drought will occur (its onset) makes it difficult to predict and monitor it. Scientists face significant challenges in accurately predicting and monitoring global droughts, despite using various machine learning techniques and drought indices developed in recent years. Optimization methods and hybrid models are being developed to overcome these challenges and create effective drought policies. In this study, drought analysis was conducted using The Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) with monthly precipitation data from 1920 to 2022 in the Tromsø region. Models with different input structures were created using the obtained SPI values. These models were then analyzed with The Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) by means of different optimization methods: The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), The Genetic Algorithm (GA), The Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), and The Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), and PSO optimization of Support Vector Machine (SVM-PSO). Correlation coefficient (r), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and RMSE-Standard Deviation Ratio (RSR) served as performance evaluation criteria.Öğe Architectural and structural analysis of historical buildings: The case of Kırklareli Museum in Türkiye(Techno-Press, 2024) Aksoy, Ercan; Ural, AliTraditional immovable cultural assets are significant in terms of societal memory and cultural continuity. Therefore, it is essential to preserve their original qualities without alteration while also assessing their resilience under various influences. This study aims to document the Kırklareli Museum building and conduct a performance analysis for potential earthquake scenarios. To this end, surveys of the structure were conducted, on-site inspections were carried out, and ground and material properties were determined for use in the analysis. The 3D model of the structure was prepared to understand its behavior during earthquakes. The analysis results indicate that there will be no damage to the structure. However, it should be noted that damage could occur in the event of a more severe earthquake than the design earthquake specified by the regulations. This study is significant not only for encompassing the museum structure but also for providing a comprehensive evaluation by determining all material properties.Öğe Hydroeconomic optimization and eroperation of folsom reservoir for flood-managed aquifer recharge implementation(ASCE: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2024) Erfani, Mahdi; Maskey, Mahesh L.; Doğan, Mustafa S.; Medellin-Azuara, Josue; Goharian, ErfanThe increasing occurrence of prolonged droughts and extreme wet events in California poses significant challenges to the management of the region's water resources. To address these challenges, the utilization of Flood-Managed Aquifer Recharge (Flood-MAR) has emerged as a potential solution. This study developed a multiobjective hydroeconomic model to assess the economic impact of implementing Flood-MAR and reoperation of Folsom reservoir within the American River Basin. The simulation module consists of a hydrological model and a linear programming groundwater recharge model. The economic impact evaluation considers three main components: the value of groundwater recharge, surface storage, and hydropower generation. The findings demonstrate that the adoption of Flood-MAR and reoperation of Folsom reservoir offer considerable economic benefits, with minimal adverse effects on the downstream system. Two different model solutions were analyzed: one that aimed to maximize recharge and storage benefits, and one that prioritized hydropower generation. The former exhibited an increase in reservoir storage compared with historical operation, along with increased water allocation for groundwater recharge during wet and normal years. The latter showed substantial gains in hydropower generation but occasional drops in reservoir storage below historical levels. Despite these differences, the solution emphasizing recharge and storage benefits was deemed to be more realistic, considering the risk of future droughts and uncertainties in climate and hydrological forecasts. Overall, this research provides a foundation for assessing the economic impact of Flood-MAR implementation in the Folsom reservoir system.Öğe Integrated water operations under climate change: Uluova Micro Basin example(IWA Publishing: International Water Association Publications, 2024) Şekerci, Kürsat; Tuna, Muhammed Cihat; Doğan, Mustafa ŞahinThis study examines the impact of climate change on the Uluova Micro Basin, Turkey, employing an optimization model named ULUHEM across various water management and climate scenarios. With ULUHEM, the effects of different climate impact scenarios on agricultural water allocations, pumping costs, water scarcity, and scarcity costs were analyzed. The primary objective of this study is to identify gaps in demand within the current water supply infrastructure due to global warming and to develop adaptation strategies for basinwide water management operations. The research also emphasizes the importance of creating a basin-based hydroeconomic model that includes other surface water resources with a sustainable management approach to address the impact of climate change. In summary, the impacts of climate change on surface waters and groundwater in the Uluova Micro Basin include changes in water availability, water scarcity, and associated costs, and these have implications for agricultural water allocations and overall water management in the region. The study found that drier climate periods lead to reduced surface and groundwater input to farmland, resulting in increased water scarcity and scarcity costs. Conversely, periods characterized by wetter climates yield contrasting outcomes, alleviating water scarcity and its corresponding costs.Öğe Trend analysis of hydrological and meteorological drought in Apa Dam, Türkiye(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Tuğrul, Türker; Hınıs, Mehmet AliDrought indices, such as the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Stream Flow Drought Index (SDI), are mathematical indicators that represent an overall decrease in average amounts of rainfall over a specific period of time. The changing values of SPI and SDI can be determined by trend analysis and can help decision makers in estimating and managing the future values of water resources on issues such as dam management and energy production. In this study, in addition to SPI12 and SDI12, trend analyzes of monthly precipitation and stream flow data affecting drought were also conducted. Mann–Kendall Test (MK), Spearman's Rho test, Sen-Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA) were chosen as trend analysis. As a result of the analysis, in precipitation performed with MK, an increasing trend at 95% significance level was detected in January, while no trend was found in the other months. While increasing trends were found in all months using SPI12, no trend was detected in SDI12. In Spearman's Rho test, no trend was detected in SDI12 and precipitation for all months, whereas increasing trend for January, February and April were detected for SPI12 and January for streamflow data. The analysis made with ITA was evaluated in two parts, graphically and statistically. The graphical method was carried out for monthly data. In statistical evaluation of ITA for SPI12 and SDI12, increasing trends were detected for all monthly data, however, in the graphical analysis, different results were obtained for each month, which did not fully support the results of the statistical analysis.Öğe Direct flame test performance of boards containing waste undersized pumice materials(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Kalkan, Murat; Erenson, CanThis study investigates the thermal performance of boards containing waste undersize pumice material directly exposed to flame in terms of thermal conductivity coefficient (TCC) and thermal efficiency ratio (TER). In the study, the direct flame was applied for 60 s on the front face of the 400×400×25 mm boards whose weight and density values, void ratio, porosity, and water absorption rates by weight and volume were determined. Because moisture content and porosity are significant factors in defining temperature-related properties of construction materials. The thermal characteristics of the boards were interpreted in this regard in connection to their moisture content and void ratios. At the end of the tests, the temperature difference between the front and back surfaces of the boards containing 10%, 30%, and 50% by weight of pumice stone powder and pumice sand was measured using a laser pyrometer. Compared to the reference sample without pumice, the TCC values decreased to 1.653, 1.649, and 1.540 W/mK, respectively, as a result of the use of pumice products in building materials. Moreover, TER values for the same samples increased to 82.6 %, 83.5 %, and 85.3 %, respectively.Öğe Using an integrated hydro-economic model to determine the drought and energy relationship in the Upper Euphrates Basin(IWA Publishing, 2024) Aytaç, Ayça; Tuna, M. Cihat; Dogan, Mustafa ŞahinDecreasing precipitation in the Upper Euphrates Basin and the negative impact of climate change directly affect water resources and hydroelectricity generation in the basin. This basin, which contains the largest dams in terms of hydroelectricity generation potential, requires research studies to assess and characterize drought for risk prevention and mitigation applicable to water resources management. To better assess drought in the upper Euphrates Basin due to recent warming, FEHEM is developed, a hydro-economic optimization model of the integrated reservoir system of the Upper Euphrates Basin. Using a historical hydrological dataset, water management and hydroelectric operations are evaluated with a linear programming model at monthly time steps. This paper uses two different drought indices: (1) the standardized precipitation index, which is based on precipitation alone; and (2) the reconnaissance drought index, which takes into account both evaporation and precipitation. These indices were used to evaluate the impact of temporal drought characteristics in the Upper Euphrates Basin on the hydropower generation of 10 dams with a total installed capacity of over 50 MW in the basin, based on 45 years of precipitation data from more than a hundred measuring stations in the basin.Öğe Free and forced vibration analysis of FG-CNTRC viscoelastic plate using high shear deformation theory(Techno-Press, 2024) Özbey, Mehmet Buğra; Cuma, Yavuz Çetin; Deneme, İbrahim Özgür; Çalım, Faruk FıratThis paper investigates the dynamic behavior of a simply supported viscoelastic plate made of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite under dynamic loading. Carbon nanotubes are distributed in 5 different shapes: U, V, A, O and X, depending on the shape they form through the thickness of the plate. The displacement fields are derived in the Laplace domain using a higher -order shear deformation theory. Equations of motion are obtained through the application of the energy method and Hamilton's principle. The resulting equations of motion are solved using Navier's method. Transforming the Laplace domain displacements into the time domain involves Durbin's modified inverse Laplace transform. To validate the accuracy of the developed algorithm, a free vibration analysis is conducted for simply supported plate made of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite and compared against existing literature. Subsequently, a parametric forced vibration analysis considers the influence of various parameters: volume fractions of carbon nanotubes, their distributions, and ratios of instantaneous value to retardation time in the relaxation function, using a linear standard viscoelastic model. In the forced vibration analysis, the dynamic distributed load applied to functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite viscoelastic plate is obtained in terms of double trigonometric series. The study culminates in an examination of maximum displacement, exploring the effects of different carbon nanotube distributions, volume fractions, and ratios of instantaneous value to retardation times in the relaxation function on the amplitudes of maximum displacements.Öğe Interbasin river mapping between Californian and Turkish rivers for climate change assessment(IWA Publishing, 2024) Doğan, Mustafa ŞahinA climate change assessment for streamflow availability of the selected rivers in Turkey is presented. Using an Index Basin Mapping (IBM) approach, climate change information is transferred across hydrologically similar rivers. This approach maps rivers of interest without downscaled climate information to index rivers where climate projections are available. Then, monthly perturbation ratios of index rivers, conveying projected climatic changes, are applied to the mapped rivers. Climate change effects on monthly streamflow availability and timing in eight selected rivers are evaluated under 20 scenarios produced from 10 General Circulation Models (GCMs) under medium and high emission cases. Results show that winter streamflow availability will increase due to more precipitation falling as rainfall rather than snowfall. Spring and summer streamflow availability will decrease due to reduced snowmelt runoff. Monthly streamflow variability will increase in all evaluated rivers. Out of eight selected rivers, the Çoruh, Yeşilırmak and Zamantı Rivers will be the most affected by climatic changes, with 14.6, 4.1, and 5.6% reductions in overall water availability under the high emission ensemble scenario. Overall water availability is projected increase in the Ceyhan and Göksu Rivers with climate change. Increased monthly streamflow variability can complicate water management in the region.Öğe Energy-based hydro-economic modeling of climate change effects on the Upper Euphrates Basin(IWA Publishing, 2024) Aytaç, Ayça; Doğan, Mustafa Şahin; Tuna, M. CihatClimate change and global warming are expected to affect water resources management and planning, requiring adaptations to changing conditions. Therefore, it is very important, especially for decision-makers, to identify demand deficits due to less water availability with climate change that may occur in the existing water supply system in advance. FEHEM, a hydroeconomic optimization model of the integrated reservoir system of the Upper Euphrates Basin, which is the largest and main basin providing water flow to the Euphrates River, is developed. Using a 45-year historical hydrological dataset, water management and hydroelectric operations are evaluated with a linear programming model at monthly time steps. The effects of climate change on the Upper Euphrates Basin are evaluated under low and high carbon emission scenarios. According to the average of the different climate scenarios studied in the model, the average decrease in flows is 37.5%. With climate change, peak flows will occur about 1–2 months earlier on average. As a result of these hydrological changes, the total amount of energy production in the basin will decrease by about 54% and energy revenue by the same percentage.Öğe An Efficient Numerical Method for Free and Forced Vibrations of Timoshenko Beams with Variable Cross-Section(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Deneme, İbrahim Özgür; Çalım, Faruk FıratIn this study, the dynamic behaviour of beams with variable cross-sections subjected to time-dependent loads is analyzed using the Complementary Functions Method (CFM). The material of the rod is assumed to be homogeneous, linear elastic, and isotropic. The governing equation is derived based on the Timoshenko beam theory. The axial, shear deformations and cross-section non-uniformity are also taken into account in the formulation. Ordinary differential equations in scalar form obtained in the Laplace domain are solved numerically using the complementary functions method. The obtained solutions are transformed into real space using the modified Durbin's numerical inverse Laplace Transform (LT) method. Free vibration is considered as a special case of forced vibration. Both vibration types of non-uniform beams are calculated for various examples with various Boundary Conditions (BCs). The influence of the non-uniformity parameter in the cross-section on free and forced vibrations is examined, and the obtained results demonstrate good agreement with existing literature ones and ANSYS.Öğe Improvement of drought forecasting by means of various machine learning algorithms and wavelet transformation(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Tuğrul, Türker; Hınıs, Mehmet AliDrought, which is defined as a decrease in average rainfall amounts, is one of the most insidious natural disasters. When it starts, people may not be aware of it, which is why droughts are difficult to monitor. Scientists have long been working to predict and monitor droughts. For this purpose, they have developed many methods, such as drought indices, one of which is the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). In this study, SPI was used to detect droughts, and machine learning algorithms, including support vector machines (SVM), artificial neural networks, random forest, and decision tree, were used to predict droughts. In addition, 3 different statistical criteria, which are correlation coefficient (r), root mean square error (RMSE), and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), were used to investigate model performance values. The wavelet transform (WT) was also applied to improve model performance. One of the areas most impacted by droughts in Turkey is the Konya Closed Basin, which is geographically positioned in the center of the country and is among the top grain-producing regions in Turkey. The Apa Dam is one of the most significant water resources in the area. It provides water to many fertile fields in its vicinity and is affected by droughts which is why it was selected as a study area.Öğe Representing Hourly Energy Prices in a Large-Scale Monthly Water System Model(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024) Doğan, Mustafa Şahin; White, Ellie; Yao, Yiqing; Lund, Jay R.Water system management models represent different purposes, such as water supply, flood control, recreation, and hydropower. When building large-scale system models to represent these diverse objectives, their most appropriate time steps for each purpose often do not coincide. A monthly time step is usually sufficient for water supply modeling, but it can be too coarse for flood control, hydropower, and energy operations, where hourly time steps are preferred. Large-scale water management and planning models mostly employ monthly time steps, but using monthly average energy prices underestimates hydropower revenue and overestimates pumping energy cost because these plants tend to operate during times with above- or below-average energy prices within any month. The approach developed here uses hourly varying prices depending on the percent of monthly operating hours. This paper examines an approach that approximately incorporates hourly energy price variations for hydropower and pumping into large-scale monthly time-step water system model operations without affecting water delivery results. Results from including hourly varying energy prices in a large-scale monthly water supply model of California (CALVIN) are presented. CALVIN is a hydroeconomic linear programming optimization model that allocates water to agricultural and urban users with an objective to minimize total scarcity costs, operating costs, and hydropower revenue loss. Thirteen hydropower plants are modeled with hourly varying prices, and their revenue increased by 25 to 58% compared to revenue calculated with monthly average constant energy prices. Hydropower revenue improvements are greater in critically dry years. For pumping plants modeled with hourly varying prices, the energy use cost decreased by 10 to 59%. This study improves system representation and results for large-scale modeling.Öğe Long-term properties of steel fiber reinforced silica fume based AAMs at ambient and high temperatures(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Sarıdemir, Mustafa; Bulut, Metehan; Deniz, Suvat; Deneme, İbrahim ÖzgürIn this study, the influences of Class C fly ash (FA), steel fiber (STF) and high temperature are researched on the mechanical and microstructural properties of STF reinforced silica fume (SF) based alkali activated mortars (AAMs) cured at the ambient (25 °C) temperature. The STF reinforced SF based AAMs are produced with 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% Class C FA by weight in place of SF, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% STF by volume, liquid sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and solid sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The apparent density (?a), ultrasonic pulse velocity (Upv), flexural strength (ffs) and compressive strength (fc) results of the STF reinforced control mortars (CMs) and SF based AAMs subjected to the ambient and elevated temperatures are investigated. The microstructural investigations are conducted with X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX). Moreover, color changes, pores and interfacial transition zones (ITZs) in samples exposed to the ambient and high temperatures are examined by a stereoscopic microscope (SM). The results have shown that the high strengths can be obtained from STF reinforced SF based AAMs at ambient temperature (25 °C) and the optimum Class C FA and STF contents are 15% and 1%. Additionally, when STF reinforced SF based AAMs are exposed to high temperatures (especially 750 °C and 1000 °C), a serious decrease in the mechanical properties is observed due to the formation of a porous and spongy structure in the matrix and the STFs completely oxidizing and losing their properties.Öğe Hydropower Reservoir Optimization with Solar Generation-Changed Energy Prices in California(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2024) Doğan, Mustafa Şahin; Medellin-Azuara, Josue; Lund, Jay R.Growing solar photovoltaic supply has significantly reshaped energy prices, lowering them during solar generating hours. Large-scale hydropower reservoir operations need to adapt to changes in energy prices to maximize hydropower revenue. This paper evaluates effects of solar generation-changed energy prices on hydropower generation for five multipurpose reservoirs in California using a hydroeconomic optimization model. In California, major solar generation began in 2013, so years 2010–2012 are a pre-solar period, and years 2013–2018 are post-solar. Reservoir operations, hydropower generation and revenue between these periods are compared. Operations in the wet season (January to June), and the dry season (July to December) are evaluated. Results show that releases are more profitable when hydropower is generated twice a day during on-peak hours in the morning and evening in the wet season. When water is scarce, energy is generated only during the higher-price evening peak. Hydropower generation is mostly curtailed between 10am and 6pm due to large solar supplies, and increase during morning and evening peaks when solar generation is unavailable. However, by optimizing hydropower scheduling hours, the new energy price pattern can be more profitable. With increased energy price variability and adaptation, overall daily revenue can increase by about 14% in the wet season and 30% in the dry season.Öğe Güncel tasarım standartlarına göre soğukta şekil verilmiş çelik kesitlerin eğilme dayanımlarının hesabı(Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, 2024) Bölükbaş, YakupSon yıllarda soğuk şekil verilmiş çelik elemanların gerek taşıyıcı gerekse tamamlayıcı yapı elemanı olarak kullanımı oldukça popüler hale gelmiştir. Bu elemanların, imalat özelliği gereği ince et kalınlıklarına (t?6 mm) sahip olması bu elemanların tasarımında burkulma ve burulma dayanımlarını kritik hale getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada ülkemiz inşaat sektöründe kullanıma sunulan tırnaklı C profillerin eğilme dayanımı TS EN 1993-1-3, AISI S100-16 ve DSM ile hesaplanacaktır. Seçilen 72 adet profilin bu tasarım yöntemleri ile dayanımları belirlendikten sonra aralarında karşılaştırılma yapılmış ve yöntemlerin performansı test edilmiştir. Yöntemler arasında oluşan farklar grafik üzerinde gösterilmiştir.
