Makale Koleksiyonu

Bu koleksiyon için kalıcı URI

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12451/283

Listeleniyor 1 - 20 / 114

Hasas Baba Türbesi’nin Fotogrametrik Rölöve Alımı ve Farklı Yazılımlarda Doğruluk Araştırması
(Fırat Üniversitesi, 2024) Yıldırım Demir, Pelinsu; Yaman, Aydan
Fotogrametrik rölöve çalışmaları kültürel mirasımızın dokümantasyon işlemlerinde yıllardır kullanılmaktadır. Son zamanlarda gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte fotogrametrik çalışmalar da sürekli yenilenmektedir ve tarihi ve kültürel miraslarımızın daha hızlı, kolay bir şekilde ve yeterli doğruluklarda belgeleme çalışmalarının yapılmasına olanak sağlamaktadır. İnsansız Hava Aracı (İHA) fotogrametrisi de özellikle son yıllarda oldukça tercih edilen bir fotogrametri tekniği olarak kendisine yer edinmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Aksaray il merkezinde bulunan, hakkında yazılı bir kitabe olmadığından dolayı tam olarak tarihi bilinmeyen ancak mimari özellikleri göz önüne alındığında Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’nin son zamanlarında ya da Karamanoğulları zamanında inşa edildiği düşünülen Hasas Baba Türbesi, İHA uçuş verileri ve üç farklı fotogrametrik yazılım kullanılarak 3B modellenmiştir. Fotogrametrik tekniklerle 3B modelleme çalışması için Agisoft Metashape Professional yazılımı, Pix4D Mapper yazılımı ve Context Capture yazılımı kullanılmıştır. Daha sonra her üç yazılım için de konum ve yükseklik hatası araştırılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar incelendiğinde her üç yazılım için sırasıyla konum hatası 3.39cm, 3.66 cm ve 3.42 cm bulunmuştur. Yükseklik hatası ise sırasıyla 3.04 cm, 3.24 cm ve 3.28 cm olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuçların hata sınırı içerisinde kaldığı ve restorasyon projelerinde altlık olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Preliminary Results on Deformations of the Central North Anatolian Fault Zone
(Hitit Üniversitesi, 2024) Aladoğan, Kayhan; Alkan, Mehmet Nurullah; Tiryakioğlu, İbrahim; Yavaşoğlu, Hasan Hakan; Gezgin, Cemil; Özkan, Ali; Eyübagil, Eda Esma; Şahiner, Furkan; Çakanşimşek, Ece Bengünaz; Köse, Zafer
to date globally (SEGERS 2007). Here we report new records of bdelloid rotifers from a
Evaluation of alteration in the geothermal province west of Cappadocia, Türkiye: Mineralogical, petrographical, geochemical, and remote sensing data
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2024) Bilgilioğlu, Hacer
This study determines the mineralogical, petrographical, and geochemical properties of the rocks outcropping in geothermal areas west of the Cappadocia geothermal region. These areas include Ziga, Narllgöl, Belislrma, Illsu, and Sivrihisar. The study reveals their hydrothermal alteration characteristics. Also, the study aims to determine the zones of hydrothermal alterations using remote sensing. Rock samples from geothermal areas were performed using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry techniques for the determination of mineralogical assemblages and major, trace and REE's analyses. Rock samples, determined as ignimbrites and tuff, exhibit intensive alterations. XRD analysis determined the association of alteration minerals. The dominant clay minerals were kaolinite, montmorillonite, and illite. The analyses and mineral associations are compatible with argillic, mid-argillic alteration, and silicification zones. Alteration zones were identified by classifying the ASTER satellite images of kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite using the CROSTA technique. The alteration zones observed in this study are close to existing geothermal areas. In addition, different regions with these alterations have been identified within the study area and are expected to be a valuable reference for future geothermal exploration.
Investigation of the usability of Göktürk-2 data and UAV data for pond construction project
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Karataş, Hüseyin; Yaman, Aydan
Today, many professions need maps that can be produced quickly, precisely, and in detail, as well as the data from these maps. Land data is very important, especially in mapping engineering, both in the public and private sectors. Providing these data and maps is seen as an important expense for individuals or institutions in terms of time, cost and labor force. This study aims to investigate the usability of the data obtained by satellite images and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), which can be easily obtained for the design of the pond/dam body within the scope of the pond construction project for irrigation purposes. Within the scope of the study, the data obtained by adding digital terrain models to Göktürk-2 satellite images were compared with the data obtained from the flight study conducted with the UAV; two separate ponds were designed using the created orthophoto and elevation data. As a result, benefit/cost ratios were calculated. The benefit/cost ratio calculated from remote sensing satellite data was 1.32, while the benefit/cost ratio calculated according to the project created with the UAV was 1.48, and the difference between the two data was calculated as 10.73%. According to this result, it was concluded that satellite images could be used in works such as ponds, closed system irrigation works, and land slope analysis, especially in preliminary project design studies. In contrast, data produced by UAV photogrammetry should be used in processes requiring higher precision. With this study, it is aimed that 25 households in the study area will benefit from the irrigation system. Furthermore, the findings of this study will enable institutions to select and utilise data that is appropriate to the purpose of the study and the desired accuracy, taking into account the benefit/cost ratios, without the need for prior fieldwork. By selecting and using the most economical data in accordance with the purpose of the work in engineering projects, optimum benefit will be obtained by saving time and labor.
6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş depremleri sonrasında Ecemiş Fayı’nda meydana gelen kabuksal deformasyonların GNSS yöntemiyle belirlenmesi
(Giresun Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2024) Tiryakioğlu, İbrahim; Koçbulut, Fikret; Gezgin, Cemil; Solak, Halil İbrahim; Eyübagil, Eda Esma; Çakanaşimşek, Ece Bengünaz; Aladoğan, Kayhan; Dönmez, Ergin; Poyraz, Fatih
Bu çalışmada, Ecemiş Fayı ve çevresindeki kabuksal deformasyonun belirlenmesi amacıyla kurulan 28 noktalı GNSS ağında 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş depremleri sonrası meydana gelen kosismik deformasyon incelenmiştir. TÜBİTAK 121Y409 numaralı proje kapsamında kurulan GNSS ağı, bölgede yer alan TUTGA noktaları ve TUSAGA-Aktif istasyonları ile genişletilerek 64 noktalı bir GNSS ağı oluşturulmuştur. Proje ağında kampanya tipi 25 noktada, 2022 Temmuz ayında bir kampanya GNSS ölçümü yapılmıştır. 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde meydana gelen Kahramanmaraş depremlerinden sonra ise 2023 Temmuz ayında bir kampanya daha ölçüm yapılmıştır. Ayrıca ağda yer alan TUTGA noktalarının ve TUSAGA-Aktif istasyonlarının deprem öncesi (presismik) dönemde en az 3 farklı yıla ait GNSS verileri temin edilmiştir. Tüm GNSS verileri GAMIT/GLOBK yazılımı ile değerlendirilmiştir. Ağda yer alan TUTGA ve TUSAGA noktalarının deprem öncesi verileri ile bu noktalara ait Avrasya sabit (ITRF14) hızları elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca TUSAGA Aktif istasyonlarının deprem sonrası (postsismik) 10 aylık verilerinin değerlendirilmesiyle deprem sonrası hızlar elde edilmiştir. Deprem öncesi ve sonrası hızlar kullanılarak kampanya tipi noktaların hızları enterpolasyon yöntemi ile hesaplanmıştır. Kampanya tipi noktalarda depremin neden olduğu atım miktarları, enterpolasyon ile elde edilen hızlar kullanılarak deprem öncesi ve sonrası koordinatların deprem anı epoğuna kaydırılmasıyla hesaplanmıştır. Kampanya tipi noktalarda atım miktarlarının doğu bileşende 10 mm ile 410 mm ve kuzey bileşende ise 18 mm ile 316 mm arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir.
A GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making approach (GIS-MCDM) for determination of the most appropriate site selection of onshore wind farm in Adana, Turkey
(Springer Nature, 2024) Yaman, Aydan
Energy stands as an indispensable global need, yet the finite nature of rapidly depleting fossil fuel reserves poses environmental challenges. To address this, numerous nations are shifting toward sustainable energy sources to foster environmental well-being while satisfying their energy requirements. Among these alternatives, wind energy emerges as a particularly efficient option. This study focuses on identifying optimal sites for installing wind power plants in Adana province through the integration of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and geographic information system (GIS). Within this framework, a comprehensive set of 15 criteria was delineated along with their respective sub-criteria. It is thought that the criteria used in the study will be useful not only for Adana province but also for other provinces that are suitable for wind turbine placement and planned to be built. The outcome of this investigation delineates potential areas in Adana province deemed suitable for establishing wind power plants. As a result, analysis reveals that 9.94% of the study area is conducive to establishing a wind farm (WF), while 51.66% is deemed moderately suitable. Notably, the districts of Feke, Tufanbeyli, Saimbeyli, and Pozantı emerge as particularly well-suited for this purpose. This study aims to contribute to the existing literature by identifying precise and suitable areas by combining GIS and AHP in the WF site selection process. In the study, a new research perspective is presented by taking into account the uncertainty in the site selection process and the concept of sustainability in three different dimensions: technical, economic, and environmental, thus aiming to guide decision-makers for future WF projects. In addition, it is thought that the methods and criteria used in the study will also be guiding for future WF site selection studies.
Remote Sensing-Enabled Urban Growth Simulation Overlaid with AHP-GIS-Based Urban Land Suitability for Potential Development in Mersin Metropolitan Area, Türkiye
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024) Şahin, Ezgi; İban, Muzaffer Can; Bilgilioğlu, Süleyman Sefa
This study delves into the integration of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques to identify suitable areas for urban development in six districts within the Mersin Metropolitan Area of Turkey. The specific aim is to generate an urban land use suitability map, in order to facilitate informed decision-making for urban development. Drawing on open Landsat satellite imagery and employing the random forest (RF) algorithm, the study spans a fifteen-year period, over which land use/land cover (LULC) changes are measured. Furthermore, a novel approach is introduced by incorporating the urban land use suitability map into an urban growth simulation model developed using a logistic regression (LR) algorithm. This simulation forecasts urban growth up to 2027, enabling planners to evaluate potential development areas against suitability criteria. Findings reveal spatial patterns of land suitability and projected urban growth, aiding decision-makers in selecting optimal areas for development while preserving ecological integrity. Notably, the study emphasizes the importance of considering various factors such as topography, accessibility, soil capability, and geology in urban planning processes. The results showcase significant proportions of the study area as being moderately to highly suitable for urban development, alongside notable shifts in LULC classes over the years. Additionally, the overlay analysis of simulated urban growth and land suitability maps highlights areas with contrasting suitability levels, offering valuable insights for sustainable urban growth strategies. By overlaying the urban land suitability map with a simulated LULC map for 2027, it is revealed that 2247.3 hectares of potential new urbanization areas demonstrate very high suitability for settlement, while 7440.12 hectares exhibit very low suitability. By providing a comprehensive framework for assessing urban land suitability and projecting future growth, this research offers practical implications for policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders involved in Mersin’s development trajectory, ultimately fostering more sustainable and resilient urban landscapes.
6 Şubat 2023 Sofalaca-Şehitkamil Gaziantep (Mw:7.7) ve Ekinözü Kahramanmaraş (Mw:7.6) Depremlerinin GNSS Gözlemlerine Bağlı Öncül Sonuçları
(Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, 2023) Eyübagil, Eda Esma; Şafak Yaşar, Şeyma; Çakanşimşek, Ece Bengünaz; Duman, Hüseyin; Solak, Halil İbrahim; Özkan, Ali; Gezgin, Cemil; Yavaşoğlu, Hasan Hakan; Tiryakioğlu, İbrahim; Poyraz, Fatih
Bu çalışmada 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde sırasıyla yerel saat ile 04:17 ve 13:24’te artarda meydana gelen Sofalaca-Şehitkamil Gaziantep (Mw:7.7) ve Ekinözü Kahramanmaraş (Mw:7.6) depremlerinin öncül jeodezik sonuçları verilmiştir. Öncül jeodezik sonuçları elde etmek için deprem odak merkezleri etrafındaki ve etkili olduğu alandaki TUSAGA-Aktif istasyonlarına ait GNSS alıcılarından 30 sn (0,033 Hz) ve 1 sn’lik (1 Hz) GNSS gözlemleri kullanılmıştır. Deprem kaynaklı kosismik yer değiştirmeleri belirlemek için bağıl statik çözümler GAMIT/GLOBK yazılım takımında 30 sn’lik RINEX verileri kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Statik çözümlerde değerlendirmeye alınan istasyonlarda Sofalaca-Şehitkamil Gaziantep depreminde doğu bileşende atımın 1.1-23.4 cm, kuzey bileşende 1.1-30.9 cm aralığında değiştiği görülmüştür. Ekinözü Kahramanmaraş depreminde ise atım miktarı doğu bileşende 1.2-440.4 cm, kuzey bileşende 1.4-69.6 cm aralığında değişmiştir. Kinematik çözümler ise PPP yöntemiyle CSRS-PPP ve PRIDE PPP-AR yazılımları ile 1 sn’lik RINEX verileri kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Her iki yazılımda seçilen istasyonlardaki deprem anı yer değiştirmeler (deplasman) ve ardışık epok farkları (hız) hesaplanmıştır. Seçilen tüm istasyonlarda hızlar Sofalaca-Şehitkamil Gaziantep depreminde doğu bileşen için 3-12.5 cm/sn, kuzey bileşen için 3.8 - 37.7 cm/sn aralığında; Ekinözü Kahramanmaraş depreminde ise doğu bileşende 3.7-20.5 cm/sn, kuzey bileşende 4.1-20.1 cm/sn tespit edilmiştir. Öncül sonuçların elde edilmesinden sonra bölgenin daha yakından takibi ve yeni noktalarda atımların tespiti için yeni bir GNSS ağı kurulmuştur. Kurulan yeni ağda TÜBİTAK 1002-C Doğal Afetler Odaklı Saha Çalışması Acil Destek Programı çağrısı kapsamında arazi çalışmalarına başlanmıştır.
The green divide and heat exposure: urban transformation projects in istanbul
(Frontiers Media SA, 2023) Yazar, Mahir; Daloğlu Çetinkaya, İrem; İban, Muzaffer Can; Bilgilioğlu, Süleyman Sefa
Extreme heat events are happening more frequently and with greater severity, causing significant negative consequences, especially for vulnerable urban populations around the globe. Heat stress is even more common in cities with dense and irregular planning and lacking urban blue-green infrastructures. This study investigates the greening and cooling effects of five selected urban transformation projects and their surrounding areas (within a 10-min walking distance) in Istanbul from 2013 to 2021, with a focus on environmental justice and climate adaptation planning perspectives. By employing temporal analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) values derived from Landsat data sets to detect changes in these five selected urban transformation projects in the megacity of Turkiye, Istanbul, this study finds that the distribution of green infrastructures (e.g., tree canopy) is only limited to project sites of long-running and state-supported urban transformation projects in Istanbul. Consequently, the unequal distribution of green infrastructures creates cooling effects only for the locals residing in the new residential projects. However, the surrounding areas have less urban green infrastructure and are exposed more to the urban heat over time. Urban development policies and planning highly contribute to increasing the climate vulnerabilities among those who do not benefit from the recently developed residential units in Istanbul. Such a trend can affect adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities and redress environmental injustices in urban planning in the megacity of Istanbul.
Automatic building footprint extraction from photogrammetric and LiDAR point clouds using a novel improved-Octree approach
(Elsevier, 2024) Karslı, Buray; Yılmaztürk, Ferruh; Bahadır, Murat; Özdemir, Emirhan; Karslı, Fevzi
Extracting building footprints from optical data is a time-consuming process. Automatic extraction of building footprints from point clouds is a challenging problem in terms of geometric irregularities, noisy points, points density, and accuracy. The aim of this paper is to automatically extract and regularize building footprints using point clouds with a new approach called Improved Octree (I-Octree) by modifying the Octree method. The method consists of the separation of ground and above ground objects from the point cloud by Simple Morphological Filter (SMRF), the removing noisy points from point cloud with Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm, the automatic extraction of building footprints by I-Octree, and the regularization of the building footprints with Automatic Building Outline Regularization (ABORE) method. The proposed approach was implemented on photogrammetric and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) in four test areas. Ground truth maps were utilized as reference data for accuracy analysis by using pixel-based accuracy method. The accuracy results were above 90 % for the photogrammetric point clouds and above 97 % for the LiDAR point cloud. It was proven that the proposed approach can extract and regularize the selected buildings with high accuracy compared the studies in literature. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the proposed approach enables the automatic extraction and regularization of building footprints from point clouds. Consequently, the map production process with point cloud data is facilitated to be both more efficient and rapid, and the results confirm the high efficacy of the proposed approach.
A comparison of different machine learning models for landslide susceptibility mapping in Rize (Türkiye)
(Nature Research Centre, 2023) Bilgilioğlu, Hacer
The main purpose of this study was to compare the performance and validation of six machine learning models (extreme gradient boosting, random forest, artificial neural network, support vector machine, C4.5 decision tree, and naive Bayes) in landslide susceptibility modelling. The province of Rize, which has the highest rate of landslide events in Türkiye, was chosen as the study area. The conditioning factors (distance to roads, lithology, drainage density, slope, topographic wetness index (TWI), soil depth, distance to rivers, land use, NDVI, plan curvature, elevation, aspect, profile curvature) affecting the landslide were determined using the ReliefF method. A total of 516 landslides were identified for creating models, comparing performance, and validating results. The performance and validation of the models were determined by the receiver operating characteristics (ROC), sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and kappa index. The results show that the XGBoost model outperforms the other five machine learning models in terms of accuracy and performance and is the most effective model for generating landslide susceptibility maps in Rize (Türkiye).
Uzaktan Algılama ile Yangın Şiddeti Belirlenmesinde Farklı İndekslerin Karşılaştırılması
(Harita Genel Müdürlüğü, 2023) Gürbüz, Esra
Tüm dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de orman varlığını tehlikeye sokan en önemli olay orman yangınlarıdır. Türkiye’nin orman varlığı yüzdesi en yüksek ikinci ili durumundaki Muğla ilinin Marmaris ilçesinde 2022 yılı haziran ayında meydana gelen orman yangını bölge ormanlarında, orman yangını nedeniyle 1977’den beri yaşanan en büyük 4. alansal kayba sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışma kapsamında, ilk olarak Google Earth Engine (GEE) Platformu’ndan temin edilen Sentinel-2 görüntüleri kullanılarak çalışma alanının yangın öncesi ve sonrasına ait görüntü mozaikleri oluşturulmuş, sonrasında ise bu görüntü mozaikleri kullanılarak yangın tahribatının belirlenmesinde yaygın olarak tercih edilen Normalize Fark Bitki Örtüsü İndeksi (NDVI), Normalize Yanma Oranı (NBR), Fark Normalize Yanma Oranı (dNBR), Göreli Yanma Oranı (RBR), Göreli fark Normalize Yanma Oranı (RdNBR) indeksleri ile yangında oluşan tahribat belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçların NASA FIRMS’ün (The Fire Information for Resource Management System/ Kaynak Yönetim Sistemi için Yangın Bilgileri) gerçek zamana yakın yangın verileri ile tutarlılıkları kontrol edilmiş ve indekslerin doğrulukları karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar yangın öncesinde yoğun bitki örtüsüne sahip olan çalışma alanında yanmış ve yanmamış alanların en yüksek doğrulukla RdNBR (%85,05) ve dNBR (%84,38) indeksleri ile ayrıldığını göstermiştir. RdNBR indeksi ile oluşturulan yanma şiddeti haritasına göre toplamda 4365,68 hektar alan yanmıştır. İndeksler içerisinde en düşük tutarlılık oranı ise %83,36 ile RBR indeksinden elde edilmiştir. Bu indeks ile oluşturulan yanma şiddeti haritasına göre ise 4268,8 hektar alanın yandığı hesaplanmıştır.
Sarıcakaya (Eskişehir) Granitoyidindeki Pegmatitlerin Kökeni ve Endüstriyel Hammadde Potansiyeli
(2023) Güllü, Bahattin; Bilgilioğlu, Hacer
Eskişehir kuzeyindeki Sarıcakaya Granitoidindeki pegmatitlerin ana mineralojik bileşeni plajiyoklaz, ortoklaz, kuvars, biyotit, ±granat, ±muskovit, ±epidot’tur. Konfokal raman spektroskopi çalışmalarında plajiyoklaz minerallerinin albit-oligoklaz, granatların ise çoğunlukla spessartin bileşimde oldukları görülmektedir. Endüstriyel hammadde olarak kullanılabilme potansiyeline sahip pegmatitler ana kaya ile keskin dokanaklı olup, serizitleşme ve killeşme gösterirler. Pegmatitlerin A/NK (mol%) oranı 0.96-1,79 (ortalama 1,32), A/CNK (mol%) oranları 0.82-1.55 (ortalama:1,07) arasında değişmekte olup metalümin-peralümin karakteri yansıtmaktadır. Zirkon ve apatit doygunluk sıcaklıkları pegmatitleri oluşturan magmanın ortalama sıcaklığının 678,7-766,7°C aralığında değiştiğini göstermektedir. ORG’ye göre normalize edilen örümcek diyagramlarda kabuksal kirlenmenin etkilerinin gözlendiği pegmatitlerin, Sarıcakaya granitoidini oluşturan magmanın pegmatitik-pnömatolitik evredeki kristallenen magmatik birimleri olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Derinkuyu Yeraltı Şehrinin Sabit Saçıcılı İnterferometri Tekniği İle İncelenmesi
(Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, 2023) Oktar, Osman
Bu çalışmada, Derinkuyu Yeraltı Şehrinin bulunduğu bölgede uydu bakış doğrultusundaki (LOS) hareketlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla Derinkuyu merkezini kapsayacak şekilde PSInSAR analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. PSInSAR analizinde 11.10.2014 İle 09.12.2022 tarihleri arasında algılanmış 37 adet SAR görüntüsü kullanılmıştır. PSInSAR analizi StaMPS programı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma alanında 2014-2021 (8 yıl), 2018-2021 (4 yıl) ve 2020-2021 (2 yıl) yıllarını kapsayan SAR görüntüleri analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma bölgesi için elde edilen uydu bakış doğrultusundaki (LOS) hızlar incelendiğinde; bölgede yıllık 6.11 mm’ye kadar alçalma değerleri ve -6.25 mm’ye kadar yükselme değerleri elde edilmiştir. LOS yönünde elde edilen hızlar ve standart sapmaları incelendiğinde; Derinkuyu Yeraltı Şehri’nin bulunduğu bölgede anlamlı bir alçalma ve yükselme değerinin bulunmadığı belirlenmiştir.
QGIS-based weighted linear combination plugin for landfill site selection: a case study in Tokat Province, Turkey
(SpringerLink, 2023) Yılmaz, Emre; Bilgilioğlu, Süleyman Sefa
Proper disposal of solid waste is crucial for the protection of natural resources and human health. However, increasing population and changes in consumption habits have led to a global increase in solid waste production. Therefore, a site selection process for solid waste management that takes into account environmental, economic, and social factors is needed. The number of open-source GIS (geographic information system) software programs used in site selection analysis is increasing day by day. QGIS software is an open-source GIS software developed by free software developers, with its popularity increasing with each new version and allowing for the development of plugins with the Python programming language. The shareability of plugins developed with QGIS software brings together open-source GIS users around the world for common goals. In this study, a plugin called "LANDFILL SITE SELECTION (LFSS)" was developed in the QGIS software environment for solid waste landfill site selection and a suitability map was created for solid waste landfill site selection in Tokat, Turkey, using this plugin. For this purpose, 14 evaluation criteria and 8 exclusion criteria were selected, the importance levels of criteria and sub-criteria were determined using the AHP method, and a solid waste landfill site selection suitability map was created using the developed plugin.
Characterization of the co-seismic pattern and slip distribution of the February 06, 2023, Kahramanmaraş (Turkey) earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) with a dense GNSS network
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Özkan, Ali; Solak, Halil İbrahim; Tiryakioğlu; Şentürk, Murat Doruk; Aktuğ, Bahadır; Gezgin, Cemil; Poyraz, Fatih; Duman, Hüseyin; Masson, Frédéric; Uslular, Göksu; Yiğit, Cemal Özer; Yavaşoğlu, Hasan Hakan
Two consecutive earthquakes with the magnitudes of Mw 7.7 and 7.6 (February 06, 2023) occurred on the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) segments and unfortunately resulted in significant devastation to human life and cities in Turkey and Syria. In this study, we aimed to analyse the co-seismic displacements and fault slip distributions of these seismic events. Our unique high-spatial-resolution Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) network (comprising 73 permanent GNSS stations and 40 campaign observation sites), providing the recent geodetic dataset for the region, allows better constraint of the co-seismic surface displacements and slip distributions of both earthquakes. The three largest total displacements were identified as 466 cm, 362 cm, and 360 cm. The Fault interactions along the EAFZ were obvious during the consecutive earthquakes. The ruptures mainly occurred in the left-lateral components of the fault segments, with the maximum slips of 7.25 m and 9.43 m for the first event along the EAFZ and the second event on the Çardak Fault, respectively.
Assessing the utilization of UAV technology for cadastre update applications in Turkey based on cost-benefit analysis
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024) Karataş, Kamil; Altınışık, Nurgül Seher
The aim of this study is to examine the use of UAVs from various perspectives in cadastral update studies and present the advantages and disadvantages of this method. The cadastral data obtained through direct fieldwork, the stereo model created by UAV images, and the orthophoto developed from UAV images were compared within the scope of the cadastre update study. Based on the data obtained from the UAV, it was observed that the detail points were identified more accurately and in a shorter time, saving 66.0% of the time and 75.7% of the cost.
Snow avalanche susceptibility mapping using novel tree-based machine learning algorithms (XGBoost, NGBoost, and LightGBM) with eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) approach
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Iban, Muzaffer Can; Bilgilioğlu, Süleyman Sefa
This study examines the use of snow avalanche susceptibility maps (SASMs) to identify areas prone to avalanches and develop measures to mitigate the risk in the Province of Sondrio, Italy. Various machine learning classifiers such as Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Machines, and AdaBoost, as well as newer classifiers like XGBoost, LightGBM, and NGBoost, were used with 17 conditioning factors and 1880 snow avalanche samples. The XGBoost classifier was found to have the best performance and McNemar’s test results indicated that certain classifier pairs, such as RF-AdaBoost, RF-XGBoost, and XGBoost-LightGBM, produced significant predictions while others did not. The XGBoost classifier found that 19.31% of Sondrio was very susceptible to avalanches. Instead of providing a global explanation of the classifier models, the study employs a local eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) approach called SHapley Additive eXplanations (SHAP) to give insight into how each conditioning factor contributes to the likelihood of snow avalanches. According to the SHAP values, the three most important factors in the XGBoost classifier model for determining the likelihood of snow avalanches are elevation, maximum temperature, and slope. The model shows that as elevation increases, the likelihood of avalanches also increases. On the other hand, a higher maximum temperature is found to decrease the likelihood of an avalanche. Slope is found to have a positive effect on the likelihood of an avalanche, meaning that steeper slopes increase the likelihood of an avalanche. This study also analyzes the avalanche susceptibility of ski resorts in the province and found that the majority of them are located in low and moderately susceptible areas, but some are in highly susceptible areas. The study used SHAP force plots to examine the local factors that contribute to the likelihood of avalanches in these specific ski resorts. The results show that ski resorts with elevations greater than 2000 m and slopes greater than 30 degrees, such as Livigno, Santa Caterina-Valfurva and Passo dello Stelvio, have a higher susceptibility to avalanches due to higher positive SHAP values. Conversely, ski resorts with elevations less than 2000 m and slopes less than 30 degrees, such as Aprica and Bormio, have a lower susceptibility to avalanches because of negative SHAP values. This study provides a valuable tool for creating new strategies to reduce the harm and damage caused by slow avalanches in the region.
Monitoring spatio-temporal changes in wetlands with harmonized image series in Google Earth Engine
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Gürbüz, Esra
Study of rapidly changing lakes and wetlands with remote sensing methods is critical for understanding the climatic and anthropogenic effects. However, most of the studies search for the change of water body in specific time periods. Although this approach reduces the workload related to downloading and processing a large number of satellite images in computer environment, it actually causes ignoring some critical changes that occurred out of specified time periods. On the other hand, this situation reduces the data volume and the limited data causes problems for the management of water resources. The Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform allows the opportunity to rapidly and practically process large-scale temporal data without downloading. In this study, areal changes in Lake Akşehir in Türkiye, from 1985 to 2020, were calculated and mapped by the GEE as a case. In order to calculate the changes, the Landsat 5 TM, 7 ETM + and 8 OLI&TIRS images were harmonized and created annual mosaics. The Normalized difference water index (NDWI) and the automated water extraction index (AWEI) were applied to these annual mosaics. By this approach, the change in the water area representing a shrank by 87% on average (according to the calculations 91% for the NDWI and 83% for the AWEI) from 1985 to 2020 was assessed practically and rapidly on annual mosaics created from all images between the studied period, instead of assessment based on images taken on only one date in the chosen years as in previous studies. Such an approach will provide time and labour savings and provide more meaningful and uninterrupted data for studies about changes in other wetland areas.
An Investigation of Volcanic Ground Deformation Using InSAR Observations at Tendürek Volcano (Turkey)
(MDPI, 2023) Gündüz, Halil İbrahim; Yılmaztürk, Ferruh; Orhan, Osman
Although approximately one-tenth of the world’s population lives near volcanoes, most of the 1500 active volcanoes are not monitored by ground-based instruments because of the cost and difficulty of access. Since the development of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) in the 1990s, recent advances have allowed the near-real-time detection of surface deformations, one of the earliest markers of volcanic activity. According to the Global Volcanism Program, Turkey’s most recent eruption (involving gas and ash) occurred in the Tendürek volcano in 1885. An explosion in the Tendürek volcano, which continues to actively output gas and steam, would be a critical issue for the life and property of the people living nearby. In this context, we processed the Sentinel-1 data collected by the European Space Agency using the Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers, and the surface deformations of the Tendürek volcano were investigated. In addition, we applied two different atmospheric correction approaches (linear phase-based tropospheric correction and the Generic Atmospheric Correction Online Service for InSAR) to reduce atmospheric effects and found that the linear phase-based tropospheric correction model produced lower standard deviation values. Subsequently, the mean deformation velocity maps, displacement time series, and deformation components in the line-of-sight direction were calculated. The results showed that the most severe subsidence was ?11 mm/yr on the upper slopes of the Tendürek volcano. Although the lower slopes of the subsidence region have a lower settlement rate, the subsidence has a peak-caldera-centered location.

Güncel Gönderiler