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Öğe Digital transformation of urban services in Türkiye: A systematic literature review of smart city research(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Armağan, VildanIn Türkiye, urban services are provided by municipalities, metropolitan municipalities, and special provincial administrations. The urban services that local governments are obliged to provide are specified in articles in Municipality Law No. 5393, Metropolitan Municipality Law No. 5216, and Special Provincial Administration Law No. 5302. In this study, urban services provided by municipalities and metropolitan municipalities are discussed. The production and delivery of urban services in a digital manner have developed within the scope of smart city studies. The smart city is defined asthe integration of physical, digital, and human systems to offer city residents a sustainable, prosperous, and inclusive living environment (T.R. Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change, 2020:2). The subject of this section is the transformation in the production, presentation, and use stages of urban services due to the digital transformation in the field of management. The aim of the research is to monitor the digital transformation of urban services by making a systematic compilation of smart city scientific studies in Türkiye. First, the types of urban services are classified focusing on municipal and metropolitan municipality laws; in the second part, the relationship of urban services to smart cities is explained, and in the third part, a systematic literature review of smart city scientific studies in Türkiye is made.Öğe Patriarchy, gender inequality and criminal victimization of women in Turkey(Springer International Publishing, 2018) Bahar, Halil İbrahimIn the first decade of the 2000s, law and order policies improved in Turkey in accordance with EU standards. However, recent developments in law and order policies and victimization of women show that there has been a turnaway from the EU ideal, leaving substantial gains behind with regard to the status of women and their fundamental rights and freedoms. There has been an increase in crime and all forms of discrimination against women. The gender gap in law and order policies has been widening. The chapter argues that an increase in gender inequality results in an increase in victimization of women. Overall, this chapter aims to provide a broad overview on all aspects of violence against women in Turkey.
