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Zeolite-impregnated polypropylene melt-electrospun membranes for filtration applications
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Karahaliloğlu, Zeynep
Combining zeolites (Zeo) through electrospinning is a developing area, with relatively few studies dedicated to the production of zeolite/polymer composites. Therefore, creating highly effective filters by using a polymer base and zeolite has become necessary. In this study, a combination of polypropylene (PP) melt and zeolite by electrospinning technique is employed to fabricate a PP-Zeo filter membrane. The average fiber diameter of PP-Zeo filter membrane was found as 1 ± 0.02 ?m. To improve the filtration efficacy, the surface of PP/Zeo membranes was modified using zeolite by two methods, electrospraying and chemical activation. According to SEM and EDX, results showed that a significantly different Al/Si atomic percentage was obtained by chemical activation compared to the electrospraying method. Additionally, the surface roughness (Sa) values significantly improved following the surface modification procedure. The surface roughness of PP/Zeo membranes modified with 5% (w/v) zeolite using the chemical activation method was 0.189 ?m, compared to 0.143 ?m for pure PP. This work presents a facile and effective preparation method to be used as filter for membrane filtration applications. Highlights: Polyprophylene (PP) and zeolite (Zeo) were combined for effective filtration. PP or PP/Zeo fiber membranes were prepared by melt-electrospinning. The surface was modified comparatively using electrospraying and Garcia methods. SEM analyses indicated that the surface was coated with zeolite particles.
In vitro and in vivo effects of commercial and environmental microplastics on Unio delicatus
(Springer, 2024) Yüce, Pınar Arslan; Günal, Aysel Çağlan; Erkmen, Belda; Yurdakök Dikmen, Begüm; Çağan, Ali Serhan; Çırak, Tamer; Başaran Kankılıç, Gökben; Seyfe, Melike; Filazi, Ayhan; Tavşanoğlu, Ülkü Nihan
Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous pollutants in freshwater environments. In this study, freshwater mussels, Unio delicatus, were exposed to both environmental MPs (e-MP) and commercial MPs (c-MP) that include green fluorescent MP (gf-MP), polyethylene (c-PE) and polystyrene (c-PS) at environmental concentrations (5 mg/L and 50 mg/L) over duration of 7 and 30 days. According to in vivo experiment results, both e-MPs and c-MPs induced significant changes in the total hemocyte counts of mussels (p < 0.05). Exposure to high concentrations of e-MPs and c-MPs for 7 days led to decreased cellular glutathione levels in the mussels, while exposure to low concentrations of e-MPs and c-PS for 7 days resulted in increased advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). Mussels exposed to high concentrations of e-MPs for 30 days exhibited decreases in both glutathione levels and AOPP values. Although no damage was observed in tissues other than gills and digestive gland, histopathological alterations were observed in these tissues following exposure to 50 mg/L c-MPs. Additionally, MPs were observed in the intestine tissues. In vitro experiments using the MTT assay showed no significant difference in cell viability between the MP-exposed group and the control group at tested concentrations, with no observed dose-response relationship (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, certain cells exhibited signs of cell death, such as disrupted cellular structures, condensed nuclei, and loss of cellular integrity. These observations were consistent with mechanical compression, indicating that physical contact with MPs may result in cell damage or death. These findings demonstrate that environmentally relevant concentrations of MPs have toxic effects on freshwater mussels and multiple parameters provide valuable insight for the evaluation of health risks of organisms.
Predicting the effect of climate change on the geographic distribution of the endemic Fritillaria aurea in Türkiye
(Abdullah KAYA, 2024) Kenar, Nihal; Tekşen, Mehtap
Fritillaria aurea is a rare, high altitude, endemic, and bulbous plant species in Türkiye. Although it is classified as least concern according to IUCN criteria, the species has a narrow distribution. This study utilized ensemble modeling to forecast potential future changes in suitable habitats for F. aurea by two Shared Socio-Economic Pathways (SSPs: SSP 1-2.6 and 5-8.5). These pathways were constructed using two General Circulation Models (GCMs) and covered the years 2035, 2055, and 2085. The results showed that the minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), mean temperature of the wettest quarter (bio8), and precipitation of the warmest quarter (bio18) have the largest influence on the potential species distribution. The ensemble model predicted that the highly suitable habitats of F. aurea would contract under all future SSP scenarios and it would lose almost all of its potential highly suitable distribution areas by the end of the century. The remained population of F. aurea could possibly harbour in only minor areas of the North Anatolian Mountains in the north and Taurus Mountains in the south. The results of the study could contribute to establishing conservation strategies and natural resource management policies for F. aurea against the potential impacts of climate change. The highly suitable habitats under pessimistic scenarios at the end of this century projected by the present study can be determined as protected areas for the species.
Curcumin- and quercetin-functionalized polypropylene membranes as active food packaging material
(Wiley, 2024) Karahaliloğlu, Zeynep; Hazer, Baki
A wide range of active agents, synthetic and natural agents such as essential oils, chitosan and polyphneols consisting of curcumin, gallic acid, anthocyanins, and catechins have been used in order to develop antimicrobial packaging systems, and among them, natural polyphenolic compounds, specially curcumin (Cur) has great potential due to effective biological activities in developing food packaging material. Quercetin (Quer) is also the mostly studied flavonol as a color-changing indicator in the food industry and has been already developed as a realistic alternative for smart and active food packaging. The reason for choosing these two polyphenolic compounds is that they simultaneously possess many beneficial properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumoral, and anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, the main objective of the study is to combine polypropylene (PP), which is the most preferred and cost-effective polymer in the packaging industry, with these active ingredients, rather than using more expensive polymer types. In this context, PP-Quer or PP-Cur membranes, which are new experiences based on these literatures were chemically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the surface morphology of these composite membranes was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The antibacterial response against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria species was investigated. Furthermore, the reactive oxygen species generation and anticancer activity of these composite membranes using human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) were observed. We proposed that PP-Quer or PP-Cur composite membranes can be a potential candidate as active packaging material in the food industry.
Climate change impacts on the distribution of Dryomys laniger (woolly dormouse) in Türkiye: a data-driven approach
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2024) Helvacı, Zeycan
This study examines the population structure, ecological niche, and vulnerability to climate change of the woolly dormouse Dryomys laniger in Türkiye. Integrating genetic data with species distribution modeling, the research predicts suitable habitats for D. laniger under current and future climate change scenarios until the year 2100. Using an ensemble of two machine learning models, this study finds that by 2040, the range of D. laniger will be reduced significantly, particularly in southern populations. Eastern areas emerge as a potential refuge, showing slight expansion and colonization. The low genetic diversity in this eastern population indicates the need for long-term adaptability of D. laniger. Due to the unique adaptive potential of each population, this research highlights the importance of region-specific management plans to ensure the long-term survival of this species, which appears to be vulnerable to habitat fragmentation.
Dual surface activation of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) guided membranes
(Pamukkale Üniversitesi, 2023) Karahaliloğlu, Zeynep
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), which consisting of alternant hard- and soft segment is a kind of segmented block copolymer. Amazing elasticity, transparency, and strength at break have expanded the application of TPU in automotive, buildings, coatings, sealants, medicine, and rubber industries. Further, TPUs lack active group, they have high crystallinity, low surface energy, and chemical inertness. Therefore, its properties needed to restore. Recently, plasma or alkali treatment have been suggested to modify the surface properties of nanostructures. Especially, alkali treatment is also versatile one, and creates changes in dimensions, and fine structure without change the surface functional groups. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of surface treatment method on newly identified TPU membranes containing of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Raw TPU surface was modified by alkali treatment with different percentages of NaOH: 1M and 3 M without heating for a constant soaking time of 30 min. Surface morphology, roughness and wettability properties of treated TPU membranes were investigated. The experimental results showed that the all treated TPU membranes showed surface feature morphology with increasing roughness, i.e. Sa (areal average roughness) values of the TPU-PEG or TPU-PC after the submersion in 1 M solution of NaOH became about 2.51x10(2)+/- 15.6 and 2.79x10(2)+/- 17.3 nm while that of TPU was 6.24x10(1)+/- 6.9 nm. Furthermore, while the contact angle values of TPU-PEG after alkalization reduced from 40.6 +/- 0.5 degrees to 21 +/- 0.2 degrees and patterned TPU-PC showed significantly superior cell attachment to the MC3T3-E1 cells than the pristine TPU. The study's findings indicate NaOH-treated composite TPU membranes could be a possible guided agent, which supported the bone induction, and differentiation.
Phylogenetic inference from 16S rRNA gene sequencing in chromosome races of the genus nannospalax species (Rodentia: Spalacidae)
(Pleiades Publishing, 2024) Kankılıç, Teoman; Çelikbilek, Habibe Didem; Kankılıç, Tolga; Seçkinozan Şeker, Perinçek; Selvi, Engin; Civelek, İlkay
In this study, we aimed to develop a species-level phylogeny for the Nannospalax genus, identify cryptic species that are difficult to differentiate using standard methods, and further evaluate the relationships across chromosomal forms of several species. 16S rRNA gene sequences from 81 Turkish regions were evaluated and statistical analyzes were conducted. Results are as follows; (i) Nannospalax cilicicus was found to be monophyletic and sister in relation to Nannospalax xanthodon; (ii) We suggested for the first time that the Central-Anatolian populations should be classified under the species name Nannospalax cilicicus (stat. n.); (iii) the unidentified 2n = 52 cytotypes from Bolu and Nannospalax leucodon cytotypes were reciprocally monophyletic, these data support the notion that the 2n = 52 cytotypes from Bolu belong to an unidentified taxon; (iv) study also offered evidence for the monophyly of N.
Predicting the effect of climate change on the geographic range of the Mediterranean relict tree Liquidambar orientalis Mill
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Kenar, Nihal
Climate change is anticipated to pose a significant danger to the habitats and spatial distribution of species in the Mediterranean region throughout the present century. The primary objective of this study was to predict the future geographic range of Liquidambar orientalis, commonly known as the oriental sweetgum under different climate change scenarios. This species is a relict riparian Mediterranean plant originating from the southwestern Anatolia region and Rhodos Island in Greece. To gain insights into the potential effects of climate change on the range of L. orientalis in the future, I used an ensemble modeling approach of species distribution models based on the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 for the years 2035, 2055 and 2070). The models suggested that the level of precipitation during the wettest month has a crucial role in determining the occurrence of the oriental sweetgum tree. Future projections indicate that the oriental sweetgum will significantly contract its native distribution range due to warming and declining precipitation levels. The population of L. orientalis has previously undergone a decrease as a result of anthropogenic activity. Therefore, it is imperative to augment the degree of urgency in conservation endeavors for the oriental sweetgum species against the ramifications of human-induced actions and the persistent effects of climate change.
Dorycnium vuralii (Fabaceae), a new species from Türkiye
(Turkiye Klinikleri, 2024) Şahin, Bilal; Karaman, Seher; Ateş, Mevlüde Alev; Aytaç, Zeki
The present study describes a new species Dorycnium vuralii (Fabaceae) from Çankırı, Türkiye. The new species is compared morphologically to the taxa of sect. Bonjeanea and sect. Dorycnium along with pollen micromorphology, leaflet, and seed micromorphology. The geographical distribution of Dorycnium vuralii is mapped. The phylogenetic relationships between the new species and other closely related species in the genus are inferred based on DNA data from both cpDNA and nrDNA (rbcL1&ITS). Although phylogenetic implications are different in the two DNA barcoding regions, D. vuralii is shown to be a new species in both molecular data. The new species is assessed as critically endangered (CR) following the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.
European endemic Ptychostomum minii (Bryaceae, Bryophyta) - new to Turkey and its significant range extention to SW Asia
(Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", University of Belgrade, 2024) Ezer, Tülay; Uygur, Ahmet; Keskin, Ali; Çulha, Harun; Batan, Nevzat; Alataş, Mevlüt
In this study, Ptychostomum minii, a European endemic species is recorded for the first time in Turkey and Southwest Asia. The species was found in the Bolkar Mountains in Turkey. Insights into recent discoveries, along with accompanying photographs, ecology, and location specifics in Turkey are presented.
Effects of season and sex on the concentrations of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in captive and free-ranging endangered mountain gazelles (Gazella gazella)
(Frontiers Media SA, 2024) Karaer, Mina Cansu; Kankılıç, Tolga; Tavşanoğlu, Çağatay; Cotman, Marko; ?ebulj-Kadunc, Nina; Dov?, Alenka; Snoj, Toma?
The aim of our study was to measure fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations in captive and free-ranging male and female mountain gazelles (Gazella gazella) during their circannual cycle. In addition, FGM concentrations were used to track the intensity of the adrenocortical response in mountain gazelles during the same period. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from the ground in the Hatay Mountain Gazelle Wildlife Development Area in the Hatay Province of Türkiye (36°32’ N, 36°32? E) in each season of the year (December, April, July, September). The sex of the animals was determined by detecting the SRY gene of the Y chromosome in DNA isolated from the fecal samples. FGM was extracted from dried fecal samples with methanol, and its concentration was measured using a previously partially validated ELISA. Results and discussion: The results indicate that season is the most important factor explaining the variability in FGM concentrations in mountain gazelles. In animals of both sexes, the highest concentrations of FGM were observed in September. The values were significantly higher in the captive population, perhaps due to unpredictable stress. In July, FGM concentrations were low in both populations. As a result of the overall analysis across seasons, the comparison of FGM concentrations between captive and free-ranging animals revealed higher concentrations in captive animals only in September but not in other seasons, although higher concentrations have been previously reported for several wild captive species. Due to predation risk, the presence of offspring can be considered a critical point in the biological cycle for the welfare of free-ranging mountain gazelles, as suggested by the higher FGM concentrations in the free-ranging population in July. The high number of visitors could be a challenge for mountain gazelles in captivity, as indicated by higher FGM concentrations during September. Sex had no effect on the FGM concentrations of either population.
Genetic Variations of Growth Hormone Receptor Exon 10 in Blind Mole-Rat Superspecies (Rodentia: Spalacidae) in Turkey
(Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2024) Kankılıç, Teoman; Tatyüz, İlhan; Kankılıç, Tolga; Civelek, İlkay; Şenol, Özhan
A phylogenetic analysis of 16 cytotypes in a sample of 105 blind mole-rats of the genus Nannospalax Palmer, 1903 from the entire Anatolian region has been carried out. Three superspecies (N. xanthodon, N. leucodon and N. ehrenbergi) were found to have undergone monophyletic radiations. We determined that the superspecies N. ehrenbergi and N. xanthodon contain a mixture of cryptic species distributed in the Anatolian part of Turkey. Our study indicated a fundamental split between two groups, one consisting of populations of N. ehrenbergi from the South-eastern Anatolia and the other including the remaining taxa (N. xanthodon and N. leucodon) from the remaining regions of Anatolia and from Thrace. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that there were two new unnamed cryptic species (2n=48-52 cytotype group and 2n=56 cytotype group) within the superspecies N. ehrenbergi that were reciprocally monophyletic. We reviewed species identified by traditional morphological methods to determine their taxonomic validity. We suggest that N. cilicicus (stat. n.), which is endemic to the central Anatolia, has to be considered a distinct species and not a synonym of N. xanthodon.
Fritillaria yalcinii (Liliaceae), a new species from southeastern Turkey
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Balos, Mehmet Maruf; Çeçen, Cahit; Tekşen, Mehtap; Yıldırım, Hasan; Sonay, Veysel
Fritillaria yalcinii (Liliaceae) is described as a new species from Diyarbakır Province, southeastern Turkey. It is superficially similar to F. carica, F. forbesii, F. minima, F. minuta, F. mughlae and F. sibthorpiana, but differs in several morphological characters, such as leaves, perigon, nectary, filament, stigma and anther. Diagnostic characteristics, a comprehensive description, photographs, geographical distribution, conservation assessment, observations and a distribution map are provided
Helminths of captive and free-ranging populations of the mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella): Evidence from faecal examination
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Karaer, Mina Cansu; Sönmez, Hande İrem; Madak, Elif; Kankılıç, Tolga; Tavşanoğlu, Çağatay; Sarımehmetoğlu, Hıfsı Oğuz
Understanding parasite diversity in wild and captive animal populations has critical implications for both individual animal health and ecosystem dynamics in a broader sense. In mountain gazelles (Gazella gazella), the gastrointestinal helminth community is poorly understood, limiting our efforts in the conservation of this endangered bovid species. This species has only two remaining populations in the world, including the isolated northernmost population in Türkiye. Objectives: To identify and compare the diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in captive and free-ranging populations of mountain gazelles in Hatay, Türkiye, and to assess potential zoonotic risks. Methods: In total, 105 fresh faecal samples, 45 individual samples and 60 faecal samples, representing 16 pools, from both captive and free-ranging populations were collected and analysed using Fulleborn flotation, Benedek sedimentation and Bearman–Wetzel methods faecal flotation methods, including the McMaster technique to determine the severity of infection. Results: We detected 12 helminth taxa in our examination of faecal samples, including gastrointestinal nematodes, lungworms and trematodes. Parasites from the Trichostrongyloidea family demonstrated variable hatching stages and rates, potentially influenced by ambient conditions. We also detected one protozoan among the samples. Our results revealed a higher diversity of parasites in free-ranging populations compared to captive ones. Conclusions: This study underscores the necessity for regular parasitological surveillance in both captive and free-ranging wildlife populations for effective conservation management. It also contributes to the ‘One Health’ perspective by highlighting the potential zoonotic risks posed by parasites in wild ruminants. Our results have implications for the conservation and management of the mountain gazelle.
Biocompatible PVC Derivatives with Some Natural Substances for Potential Active Food Packaging Materials
(ACS Publications, 2023) Hazer, Baki; Karahaliloğlu, Zeynep
Monoethyl fumarate (mef), bovine serum albumin (bsa), abietic acid (ab), morphine (mrp), aspirin (asp), indole (ind), and lysozyme (lysz) functionalized poly vinyl chloride (PVC) samples were synthesized for possible application of the active food packaging materials. Antioxidant properties of the new PVC-derivatives were determined by inhibition of the autoxidation of linseed oil via following its oligomerization. For this purpose, linseed oil was laid on the obtained PVC derivatives and exposed to air oxygen. Oligomerization of autoxidized linseed oil was measured by the increase in viscosity using an Ubbelohde viscometer. Because of the inhibition of autoxidation, oligomerization of the linseed oil lasted longer. The autoxidation time of linseed oil was delayed on the PVC-natural compound derivatives. Considering the delaying time, the antioxidant effect on the linseed oil was in the following order: PVC-abietic acid (29 days) > PVC-bovine serum albumin (24 days) > PVC-indole (21 days) > PVC-lysozyme (20 days) > PVC-mono ethyl fumarate (16 days); PVC-aspirin (16 days); Petri dish (16 days) > PVC-morphine (15 days) > PVC-control (14 days). The antibacterial activities of the novel PVC derivatives were assessed against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. PVC-aspirin and -indole membranes showed significant antibacterial effect against E. coli and S. aureus. Also, according to flow cytometer results, a live cell percent above 90% was obtained for PVC derivative membranes.
Modelling the distribution of the Caucasian oak (Quercus macranthera) in Western Asia under future climate change scenarios
(Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", University of Belgrade, 2023) Kenar, Nihal; Kikvidze, Zaal
The Caucasian oak (Quercus macranthera), a native tree of Western Asia, typically grows at high altitudes where the effects of climate change are particularly notable. We analysed the climatic determinants of the current distribution of Q. macranthera and assessed the redistribution of areas suitable for this species as a consequence of climate change. We described the current range of distribution and predicted the potential geographical distribution of the Caucasian oak using species distribution models and five algorithms from two Shared Socio-Economic Pathways (SSPs: SSP 1?2.6 and 5?8.5) for the years 2035, 2055, and 2085, which are based on two General Circulation Models (GCMs). The Random Forest algorithm most accurately described the current distribution of Q. macranthera. SSP 1?2.6 and SSP5?8.5 predicted a pronounced contraction of the highly suitable habitat for the Caucasian oak due to the increase in temperatures and changes in seasonal precipitation dynamics, that more intensive climate change could lead to a greater loss of highly suitable habitats, and that the populations of Q. macranthera could survive only in the Alborz Mountains (northern Iran) and in the Great Caucasus Mountains. Our work helps to establish conservation strategies for species monitoring in order to minimise the potential impacts of climate change.
Induction of apoptosis and autophagy via regulation of AKT and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in breast cancer cell lines exposed to gold nanoparticles loaded with TNF-? and combined with doxorubicin
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2023) Jawad, Marwa H.; Jabir, Majid S.; Öztürk, Kamile; Sulaiman, Ghassan M.; Abomughaid, Mosleh M.; Albukhaty, Salim; Al-Kuraishy, Hayder M.; Al-Gareeb, Ali I.; Al-Azzawi, Waleed K.; Najm, Mazin A. A.; Jawad, Sabrean F.
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) tagged with peptides are pioneers in bioengineered cancer therapy. The aim of the current work was to elucidate the potential anticancer interactions between doxorubicin and GNPs loaded with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?). To investigate whether GNPs loaded with TNF and doxorubicin could stimulate autophagy and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Two human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and AMJ-13, as well as different apoptotic and autophagy markers, were used. In both cell types, treatment with TNF-loaded GNPs in conjunction with doxorubicin increased the production of apoptotic proteins including Bad, caspase-3, caspase-7, and p53 with upregulation of the LC3-II and Beclin1 proteins. In addition, the findings showed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway was dramatically affected by the GNPs loaded with TNF-? and combined with doxorubicin. This had the effect of decreasing p-AKT while simultaneously increasing p-JNK1/2. The findings demonstrated that GNPs loaded with TNF-? and combined with doxorubicin can induce both autophagy and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. These results suggest that TNF- and doxorubicin-loaded GNPs provide a therapeutic option as a nanomedicine to inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer.
The Tiny Pleurocarpous Moss Platydictya jungermannioides (Brid.) H. A. Crum in Türkiye
(Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, 2023) Ezer, Tülay; Keskin, Ali; Uygur, Ahmet; Çulhan, Harun; Aslan, Züleyha; Batan, Nevzat; Alataş, Mevlüt
n this study, Platydictya jungermannioides, a rare moss species, was recorded for the second time from Türkiye and reported for the third time from Southwest Asia. The present study provides a detailed description of the species, collected from the Bolkar Mountains, along with photographs. Additionally, the ecology and distribution of Platydictya jungermannioides in Türkiye are discussed.
Size-selective microplastic uptake by freshwater organisms: Fish, mussel, and zooplankton
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Başaran Kankılıç, Gökben; Koraltan, İdris; Erkmen, Belda; Çağan, Ali Serhan; Çırak, Tamer; Özen, Mihriban; Seyfe, Melike; Altındağ, Ahmet; Tavşanoğlu, Ülkü Nihan
Microplastics, as an emergent pollutant, have garnered substantial attention within aquatic environments, yet a significant knowledge gap persists regarding the interplay of organism size and pollution impacts on microplastic uptake in freshwater ecosystems. The main aim of the current study is to assess the microplastic ingestion by aquatic organisms across diverse trophic levels. To achieve this objective, zooplankton, mussels (Anodonta anatina), and fish (Carassius gibelio) were collected from the highly polluted Susurluk River Basin in Türkiye. The size distribution encompassed 160.8 ± 56.9 ?m for the prevailing zooplankton, 6.9 ± 2.2 cm for mussel, and 20.4 ± 3.1 cm for fish, respectively. While no microplastic ingestion was observed among zooplankton, the finding highlights the influence of body-size and pollution on microplastic ingestion. In contrast, A. anatina and C. gibelio contained 617 and 792 microplastic particles, respectively. Predominantly, fibers emerged as the most prevalent microplastic type across trophic levels (except zooplankton) followed by films. Notably, only fish exhibited fragments within their gastrointestinal tract. A substantial correlation emerged between microplastic abundance and mussel size and weight, but no such correlation manifested for fish. The study also revealed a positive link between microplastic count and turbidity (phosphate and high Chl a level), impacting mussel ingestion capacity due to the variability in the food availability and potential shifts in feeding preferences. Conversely, no distinct pattern emerged for fish concerning water quality parameters and ingested microplastics. Consequently, our study underscores diverse microplastic uptake patterns in freshwater ecosystems, with a predominant frequency of microplastics falling with the 0.3 mm–3.0 mm range, emphasizing the significance of size-selective uptake by organisms.
Determination of acute toxicity of sodium pyrithione and its exposure effects on antioxidant enzymes activity, immune status, and histopathological changes in common carp
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Erdoğan, Kenan
This study determined the LC50-24 h value of sodium pyrithione (NaPT) on Cyprinus carpio at 102.7643 µg/L. Then, 60 healthy fish were randomly allocated into 6 exposure groups, each receiving varying levels of NaPT for different durations (control goup = 0% µg/L NaPT for 24 and 96 h; NaPT-10 = 10% of the LC50-24 h dose of NaPT for 24 and 96 h; NaPT-20 = 20% of the LC50-24 h dose of NaPT for 24 and 96 h). As a result, the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the decrease in catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the gill and liver tissue in both duration and dose groups were found to be statistically significant. In addition, NaPT increased serum tumour necrosis factor (TNF-?), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1?), interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in both dose groups for both durations. The results revealed that NaPT exposure caused shortening of gill tissue lamellae and vacuolisation (separation) of the secondary lamellar epithelium. Likewise, NaPT exposure was responsible for vacuolisation and hepatocellular degeneration in liver tissue in hepatocytes. In conclusion, the toxicity study, antioxidant enzyme activities, cytokine immune response, and histopathological results indicate that NaPT has a toxic effect on the carp.

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