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The effect of cherry laurel, rutin flavonoid and α-lipoic acid on streptozotocin and nicotinamide ınduced type 2 diabetic rats given metformin
(Springer International Publishing, 2025) Kaya Kartal, Yeliz; Pekcan, Mert; Ahlat, Ozan; Özkurt, Güzin; Kısmalı, Görkem; Gönenç, Aymelek; Sel, Tevhide
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, is a growing global health concern. The combined use of pharmaceutical medications and natural products for diabetes has become more common in recent years, although it is still unresolved how they might interact. This study aims to investigate the interactive effects of metformin and natural antioxidants—cherry laurel, rutin flavonoids, and α-lipoic acid—on metabolic and histological outcomes in a type 2 diabetes model. Six rat groups were used, five of the groups rendered diabetic using nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.p.). For 12 weeks, animals received oral doses of metformin (500 mg/kg) and the combinations of metformin and natural products. Serum was analyzed for glucose, lipid profile, ceruloplasmin, plasma for nitric oxide and pancreatic tissue for histopathological changes and, insulin immunoreactivity. Ceruloplasmin levels were significantly higher in diabetic rats (22.89 ± 2.85 U/L) compared to the diabetic + metformin + rutin group (14.32 ± 0.73 U/L). Nitric oxide levels were lower in diabetic rats (61.27 ± 6.26 µmol/L) but elevated in the metformin-only group (110.22 ± 11.44 µmol/L). Histopathological evaluation showed pronounced pancreatic atrophy in the diabetic, diabetic + metformin + cherry laurel, and diabetic + metformin + rutin groups, while the diabetic + metformin group exhibited preserved tissue. Interestingly, insulin secretion was lower in the combination therapy groups (especially the use of rutin flavonoid and α-lipoic acid) compared with the control and diabetic + metformin group, suggesting potential antagonistic effects. Although glucose levels were not markedly different across treatment groups, histological findings revealed more pronounced tissue damage in antioxidant-metformin combinations than with metformin alone. These results highlight the importance of evaluating natural product–drug interactions before co-administration.
The effects of in ovo administered of monosodium glutamate on the liver development in chicken embyos
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2025) Bölükbaş, Ferhan; Yavuz, Orhan; Öznurlu, Yasemin; Özaydın, Tuğba; Sur, Emrah
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used flavor enhancer/food additive around the world. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the effects of MSG administered in ovo on the development of the liver in chicken embryos using histological and immunohistochemical techniques. Four hundred ten fertilized hen’s eggs were categorized into five groups as follows: a control group, a distilled water group, and those containing MSG at three different concentrations, 0.12, 0.6, and 1.2 mg/g egg groups. The test solutions were injected into the yolk of eggs at just prior to incubation. The eggs from each group were opened randomly on the eighteenth and twenty first days of incubation to obtained 6 live embryos, and pieces of liver tissue were obtained. Hematoxylin and eosin, Crossmon's triple staining, and immunohistochemical staining of caspase-3 was performed. Histopathological alterations, including inflammatory cell infiltration and sinusoidal enlargement, were noted in the MSG-treated groups. Furthermore, MSG caused hydropic and vacuolar degenerations in the liver and to induced detachment in the alignment of the Remark cords, and an increased in caspase-3 positivity in the hepatocytes. Finally, it was found that in ovo administered of MSG affect on the embryonic development of the liver. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.
Evaluation of the effects of monosodium glutamate on the development of the cerebellum in chicken embryos
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2025) Bölükbaş, Ferhan; Öznurlu, Yasemin
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a globally used food additive in the modern diet. This study aimed to search the impact of varying doses of MSG administered on embryonic development of the cerebellum. A total of 410 fertilized chicken eggs were randomly assigned to five groups: an untreated control group, a vehicle control group, and groups receiving low-dose (0.12 mg/g egg), medium-dose (0.6 mg/g egg), and high-dose (1.2 mg/g egg) MSG, respectively. The test solutions were injected into the yolk of eggs through a sterile insulin injector. On the 15th, 18th, and 21st days of incubation, the eggs from each group were randomly opened, and six live embryos were obtained. Cerebellum samples of embryos from each group were taken. The number of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum demonstrated a reduction in MSG-treated groups by the 15th, 18th, and 21st days of incubation (p < 0.05). It was noted that the organization of Purkinje cells was irregular, and degeneration and necrosis were also observed in the MSG-treated groups. A notable decrease in the thickness of both the outer and inner granular layers was observed in the MSG-treated groups on the 15th, 18th, and 21st day of incubation. While molecular layer thickness increased on day 15 and 21, decreased on day 18 (p < 0.05). Total cortex thickness decreased significantly in MSG-treated groups. PCNA-positive cells in the cerebellum were found in Purkinje cells, molecular layer cells, and outer and inner granular layer cells. However, there was a decrease in PCNA (+) cell density in MSG-treated groups (p < 0.05).
Determination of reticular fibers in tissues fixed with sugarcane molasses
(İlker ÇAMKERTEN, 2022) Kuloğlu, Hatice Yaren
Reticular fiber consists of one or more types of very thin and delicately woven type III collagen strands, which form a highly ordered cellular network and provide a supportive network. Since most of these collagen types are combined with carbohydrates, they react with silver stains and periodic acid-Schiff reagent, but are not shown by ordinary histological stains like those using hematoxylin. In this study, it was aimed to determine the reticular fibers in tissues fixed with sugarcane molasses and formol using silver staining technique (Gordon Sweet –GS-). The reticular fibers in the tissues fixed with sugarcane molasses were compared with those in the tissues fixed with formol. According to the findings, the staining quality of the liver and spleen tissues fixed with sugarcane molasses showed similar characteristics with the tissues fixed with formol. Very weak staining was observed in kidney and testicle tissues. The fact that the tissues fixed in the same fixation solution show different results in the Gordon Sweet (GS) staining method shows us that this issue needs to be supported by more detailed studies.
A study on the anatomical properties of arteria celiaca andıts branches in hasak sheep
(Mustafa İSSİ, 2021) Özdemir, Derviş; Balkaya, Hülya; Özüdoğru, Zekeriya
This research was carried out with the aim of macro-anatomical study of arteria celiaca and itsbranches in the Hasak sheep race. Six Hasak sheep were used in the study. Colored latex andpolymethyl-methacrylate were injected from the aorta abdominalis. It was observed that the firstbranch of aorta abdominalis in cavum abdominis was arteria celiaca. It was determined that arteriaceliaca first gave arteria lienalis and then arteria hepatica and arteria gastrica sinistra as a commonroot. Arteria lienalis rami pancreatici had ramus epiploicus, arteria ruminalis sinistra and arteriaruminalis dextra branches. It was found that arteria hepatica gave arteria cystica, arteria gastricadextra and rami pancreatici and arteria gastroduodenalis. Arteria gastrica sinistra was thecontinuation of arteria celiaca. During the course, arteria reticularis, arteria gastroepiploica sinistraand arteria reticularis accessoria were separated from this vessel. It was observed that arteriareticularis has branches named ramus ruminalis and ramus reticularis. It was observed that arteriareticularis accessoria gave several branches to the parietal side of omasum and visceral face ofreticulum. As a result; It was determined that the arteries originating from arteria celiaca in theHasak sheep race have some differences. It was concluded that these differences may be relatedto the genetic makeup of the race.
The effect of epidural application of fsh on superovulatory response in eastern anatolian red cow
(Ramazan Sevgi, 2021) Satılmış, Muharrem; Yılmaz, Mehmet Ali; Sevgi, Ramazan; Karaşahin, Tahir; Kızıl, Sedat Hamdi; Okuroğlu, Alaeddin; Ertem, Talha Burak; Tavlı Yıldırır, Zülal
This study aimed to evaluate the superovulation response in Eastern Anatolian Red (EAR) cows treated with a single epidural injection or traditional administration of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Eight cows were randomly divided into two groups, as control (CG) and experiment (EG). Four replications were applied for each animal in the groups. A total of 16 studies were carried out in each group. In this study,300 mg intramuscular (i.m) FSH injection was applied with decreasing doses twice daily for four days to the cows in the CG. (70:70, 50:50, 20:20, 10:10 mg). On the other hand, 300 mg FSH was administered as 150 mg epidural and 150 mg intramuscular injection to the cows in EG. The number of untransferable embryos and the total CLs were found statistically significant (p<0.05). However, the number of transferable embryos and unfertilized oocyte (UFO)were found statistically insignificant among the groups (p>0.05). According to the obtained data, it was observed that the epidural administration of FSH for superovulation in EAR cows did not provide sufficient follicle and oocyte development. In conclusion, different studies with different superovulation protocols and FSH doses in local breed EAR cows will be needed for further studies.
Investigation of morphological and histological structure of red-legged partridge (alectoris chukar) spleen
(Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, 2021) Kara, Adem; Özdemir, Derviş; Balkaya, Hülya; Kara, Hülya; Özüdoğru, Zekeriya
The spleen of birds is located in the right side of the junction between the ventriculus and proventriculus, which is a lymphoid organ and responsible for many functions such as storing, production, and destruction of some blood cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphologic and histologic structures of the spleen in red-legged partridge (Alectoris chukar). In the present study, eight red-legged partridges were used. The spleens were removed from red-legged partridges and were measured in point of width, length, and weight for morphologic examination. The spleens were fixed into 10% formaldehyde solution for 72 hours. The fixed tissues were dehydrated and cleaned for histologic examinations. Then, these tissues were embedded in paraffin blocks and sectioned in a thickness of 5μm. Obtained sections were stained with Crossman Modified Triple staining and examined for their histologic structure. In the morphologic analysis, the average length of spleens was found as 10.32 ± 0.78 mm, the average width of spleens was found as 6.60 ± 0.50 mm, the average height of spleens was found as 5.55 ± 0.26 mm, and the average weight of spleens was found as 0.26 ± 0.06 g; in histologic analysis, spleen of red-legged partridge was surrounded with a thick capsule, and a few trabeculae were determined. Red and white pulps were scattered in the parenchyma; white pulps consisted of reticular cells, fibers, and lymphocytes. Red pulps consisted of macrophages, lymphocytes, venues sinuses, and reticular cells. In conclusion, morphologic features of the spleen in red-legged partridge were different from other bird species, but histologic structures were similar to chicken and quail spleens.
Güney Karaman koyununda sinus interdigitalis üzerine morfolojik bir çalışma
(Atatürk Üniversitesi, 2021) Özüdoğru, Zekeriya; Özdemir, Derviş
Çalışmada, Güney Karaman koyununun ön ve arka ayaklarında bulunan sinus interdigitalis’lerin morfolojik, morfometrik ve histolojik özelliklerinin ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 38-56 kg arasında değişen ağırlıkta 8 adet Güney Karaman koyununun (erkek) ön ve arka ayakları kullanıldı. Ayaklardan sinus interdigitalis’ler diseke edilerek çıkarıldı. Morfometrik ölçümler yapıldıktan sonra morfolojik incelemeler yapılarak fotoğraflandı. Morfolojik olarak bezin phalanx proximalis’in distal kısmı ile phalanx media’nın proximal kısmı arasındaki bölgede bulunduğu, gövde ve akıtıcı kanalı ile bir pipoya benzediği gözlendi. Bezin ağırlığı, gövde uzunluğu, çapı, flexura, kanal uzunluğu ve çapı morfometrik olarak ölçüldü. Yapılan ölçümlerde ön ayağın değerlerinin tamamının arka ayaktan daha yüksek olduğu tespit edildi. Sağ ve sol ayakların kendi aralarındaki değerlendirmelerde ise istatistiksel olarak önemli bir fark bulunmadı (P<0.05). Histolojik olarak yapılan incelemede ise sinus intedigitalis’in duvarının epidermis, dermis ve fibröz kapsül olmak üzere üç tabakadan oluştuğu ve dermiste kıl folikülleri, yağ bezleri, m. arrector pili ve ter bezlerinin bulunduğu tespit edildi.
Kurt (Canis lupis) nervus auriculopalpebralis’i üzerinde makroanatomik bir çalışma
(İlker ÇAMKERTEN, 2021) Özüdoğru, Zekeriya; İlgün, Ramazan
Bu çalışmada kurt göz kapakları ve kulağının innervasyonunu sağlayan sinirlerden birisi olan n. auriculopalpebralis’in seyri ve dallanmasının tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 5 adet kurt kafatası kullanılmıştır. Materyaller öncelikle %10’luk formaldehitte tespit edilmiş ve diseksiyonları yapıldıktan sonra makroanatomik olarak incelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemede n. auriculopalpebralis’in beyinden çıkan cranial sinirlerden birisi olan n. facialis’in (7. çift beyin siniri) bir dalı olduğu tespit edildi. Nervusauriculopalpebralis’in, mandibula’nın caudal kenarı yakınında n. facialis’in dorsal kenarından tek bir dal halinde çıktığı ve daha sonra porus acusticus externus’un cranioventral’inde n. auricularis rostralis ve r. zygomaticus adlı iki dala ayrılarak sonlandığı belirlendi.Çalışmanın sonucunda N. auricularis rostralis’in,mm. auricularis rostralis ile çevre bölgenin derisini innerve ederken, r. zygomaticus’un alt ve üst göz kapağı ile m. orbicularis oculi ve m. corrugator supercilii’yi innerve ettiği gözlendi.
Versatile analysis of some biochemical and hematological parameters of sheep
(İlker ÇAMKERTEN, 2021) Aksoy, Neşe Hayat; Karaşahin, Tahir; Dursun, Şükrü; Akbulut, Kürşat; Haydardedeoğlu, Ali Evren; İlgün, Ramazan; Büyükleblebici, Olga
Biochemical, whole blood hematological and macro-mineral values are critical health and disease status parameters, which depend on animals’ conditions, age, gender, breed, region, husbandry, geographical differences, seasonal changes, rearing location and diet. In this study, all parameters were measured in blood samples obtained from healthy Akkaraman sheep, composed of lambs and adults of both sexes. Analyses of the parameters were carried out with commercial assay kits. When comparing the values of the biochemical variables, a significant difference (P<0.05) between the four groups was observed in the concentrations of the following variables evaluated: glucose, total bilirubin, urea, and creatinin. A significant difference (P<0.05) between the four groups was found in the concentrations of the following variables: evaluated red blood cell, mean red blood cell volume, mean red blood cell hemoglobin, platelets and mean platelet volume. When comparing the values of the variables, a significant difference (P<0.05) between the four groups was observed in the concentrations of iron. The values of calcium and phosphorus were not found statistically significant. With a summary of the current literature, it could not be found a detailed study on advanced biochemical, mineral and hematological reference values for Akkaraman breeds in Aksaray region. Thus, our goal is to identify and present the values for the total biochemical and hematological parameters of Akkaraman sheep raised in the Aksaray region of Turkey. It is expected that these results may be used as reference values for Akkaraman sheep in this region.
Japon bıldırcınlarında (coturnix coturnix Japonica) kanatların arterial beslenmesi
(Bülent VEREP, 2021) Özüdoğru, Zekeriya; İlgün, Ramazan; Can, Mehmet
Çalışma Japon bıldırcınında kanadın arterial beslenmesini sağlayan damarların belirlenmesi amacıyla yapıldı. Araştırmada 10 adet Japon bıldırcını kullanıldı. Latex enjeksiyon metodu uygulanarak damarların seyri ve dallanmaları belirlendi. Kanatların beslenmesini sağlayan a. axillaris, a.subclavia’nın bir dalı olup memelilerdeki gibi devamı değildi. Omuz ekleminde a. subscapularis ve a. profunda brachii’yi verdikten sonra a. brachialis olarak seyrine devam etti. Arteria profunda brachii, m. teres major’un tendosu yakınında a. axillaris’ten orijin aldıktan sonra a. circumflexa ventralis humeri, a. circumflexa dorsalis humeri ve a. collateralis radialis’i vermekte ve a. collateralis ulnaris olarak seyrine devam ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Arteria brachialis’in orijininden sonra m. biceps brachii’nin caput medialesi üzerinden geçerek dirsek eklemi hizasında a. ulnaris ve a. radialis’e ayrıldığı tespit edildi.
Yumurtaya verilen monosodyum glutamat’ın tavuk embriyolarında medulla spinalisin servikal bölgesinin embriyonik gelişimi üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi
(İlker ÇAMKERTEN, 2021) Bölükbaş, Ferhan; Öznurlu, Yasemin
Bu çalışmada, dünyada en yaygın kullanılan lezzet arttırıcı gıda katkı maddelerinden biri olan monosodyum glutamat (MSG)’ın, medulla spinalis’in embriyonik gelişimi üzerine etkilerinin histolojik ve histometrik yöntemler kullanılarak belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada 410 adet döllü tavuk yumurtası kullanıldı. Yumurtalar kontrol, distile su, 0,12, 0,6 ve 1,2 mg/g yumurta MSG olmak üzere beş gruba ayrıldı ve enjeksiyonlar kuluçka başlangıcında yumurta sarısına yapıldı. Kuluçkanın 15, 18 ve 21. günlerinde her gruptan 10 yumurta açılarak elde edilen embriyolardan medulla spinalis doku örnekleri alındı. Doku örnekleri %10'luk formolde tespit edildikten sonra rutin histolojik yöntemlerle parafinde bloklandı. Bloklardan alınan 6 μm kalınlığındaki kesitler Hematoksilen Eozin, Kluver-Barrera, Toluidine Blue, Periyodik Asit Schiff ve Crossmon’ın üçlü boyama yöntemi ile boyandı. Preparatlar ışık mikroskop altında incelendi ve medulla spinalis dokusunda histometrik ölçümler yapıldı. 15. gün elde edilen embriyolarda yapılan histometrik ölçümler sonucunda substantia grisea yüzey alanının medulla spinalis’in kesitlerdeki toplam yüzey alanına oranı dikkate alındığında kontrol ve MSG grupları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı tespit edildi. 18. günde substantia grisea yüzey alanının medulla spinalis’in kesitlerdeki toplam yüzey alanına oranı açısından özellikle 0,6 mg/g yumurta dozunda MSG uygulanan grupta kontrol grubuna kıyasla arttığı tespit edildi. 21. günde ise substantia grisea yüzey alanının medulla spinalis’in kesitlerdeki toplam yüzey alanına oranının 0,6 mg/g ve 1,2 mg/g dozunda MSG uygulanan grupta kontrol ve distile su grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında azalmış olduğu tespit edildi. Kanalis sentralis’in enine ve boyuna çapları üzerinde yapılan değerlendirmelerde ise MSG uygulanan gruplarda, kontrol ve distile su grubuna göre kanalis sentralis’in enine ve boyuna çaplarının azaldığı dikkati çekti. Medulla spinalisin ventral kornusunda bulunan motorik nöronlarda MSG uygulanan gruplarda 15., 18. ve 21. günlerde nekroz ve nöronofaji gibi histopatolojik değişikliklere rastlandı, MSG grupları kontrol ve distile su grupları ile karşılaştırıldığında motor nöronlardaki nekrozda önemli bir artış dikkati çekti (p<0.05). Sonuç olarak inkübasyondan hemen önce döllü tavuk yumurtasına verilen MSG’nin medulla spinalisin embriyonik gelişimini olumsuz yönde etkilediği ve motor nöronlarda nekroza neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Kidney tissue selenium levels of Toxocara canis infected mice given Nigella sativa
(İlker ÇAMKERTEN, 2021) Sayıner, Serkan; Altaş, Mehtap Gül; Özkurt, Güzin; Özer Şehirli, Ahmet; Paksoy, Nilgün; Balkan, Burcu Menekşe; Şenocak Soran, Gülten
Nigella sativa (NS) has a protective effect on cellular damage caused by oxidative stress. Selenium has an antioxidative effect. Toxocara canis is one of the nematodes causing visceral larva migrans. Men infected with this parasite ingesting an embryonic egg. It is more common in children between 1-4 years than adults. From the ingested embryonic egg, the larvae released in the small intestine and they migrate to so many organs such as liver, spleen, kidney, lung, brain, retina of the eye, pancreas and causing lesions. In particular, it is known to cause intense damage to kidney tissue. In this study mice with Toxocara canis infection were administered Nigella sativa in prophylactic and treatment doses (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) and selenium levels were determined in their kidney tissues. In the healthy control group, kidney selenium levels were 980,46±236,68 ng/g and in mice infected with Toxocara canis 1240,15±315,77 ng/g. Kidney tissue Se levels of mice given NS in two different doses for treatment (Treated N100, Treated N200) and prophylaxis (Prophylactic N100 and ProphylacticN200) respectively are 1297,95±354,37; 1361,29±410,46 ng/g; 1148,55±240,28 ng/g and 1465,81±450,25 ng/g. Kidney tissue selenium levels were high in both treatment and prophylaxis dose NS given mice. In conclusion, Nigella sativa can cause increases in kidney tissue selenium levels depends on given doses.
Tepeli pelikan (pelecanus crispus) karaciğeri üzerinde makro-anatomik incelemeler
(İlker ÇAMKERTEN, 2020) İlgün, Ramazan; Özüdoğru, Zekeriya
Çalışmada su kuşlarından biri olan Tepeli pelikan karaciğerinin makro anatomik yapısının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. 2015-2019 yılları arasında köylüler tarafından gölet ve sazlıklarda ölü bulunan ve Veteriner Fakültesi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezine getirilen üç yetişkin (3 dişi) tepeli pelikanın karaciğer yapısı incelendi. Cavum abdominis’de bulunan karaciğer ve loblarının makro-anatomik yapısı ile ilgili bulgular ortaya konuldu. İncelenen kısımlar fotoğraflandı. Tepeli pelikanın karaciğeri, topografik olarak cavum abdominis’in dorsalinde 3/4 ü sağda, 1/4 ‘ü sola taşmış vaziyette yer almaktaydı. Karaciğerin lobus hepatis dexter ve lobus hepatis sinister olmak üzere iki lobdan oluştuğu belirlendi. İç yüzünde izler bulunmaktaydı. Karaciğer lobları arasında belirgin bir incisura interlobaris gözlendi. Vesica biliaris tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak, çalışmada karaciğer yapısının anatomik özellikleri ile ilgili önemli bulgular elde edildi. Tepeli pelikanın karaciğer yapısında önemli farklılıklara sahip olduğu görüldü. Makro-anatomik olarak diğer kuş türleriyle de yakın benzerlikleri olduğu tespit edildi.
Diyabetik Ratlarda Aerobik Egzersizin Kortizol ve Tiroid Hormonları Üzerine Etkisi: Deneysel Araştırma
(Türkiye Klinikleri Yayınevi, 2023) Ceylan, Canan; Dönmez, Nurcan; Şentürk, Göktuğ
Bu araştırmada, deneysel diyabet oluşturulan ratlarda ae- robik egzersizin kortizol ve tiroid hormonları üzerine etkilerinin belir- lenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırmada, 6 haftalık, 36 adet W istar Albino rat kullan ıldı. Hayvanlar canl ı ağırlıkları birbi- rine benzer olacak şekilde Kontrol (K), Diyabet (D), Egzersiz (E) ve Di- yabet+Egzersiz (DE) olmak üzere 4 gruba ayr ıldı. D ve DE gruplarına tek doz 60 mg/kg streptozotos in solüsyonu intraperitoneal olarak en- jekte edildi. E ve DE gruplarına 4 hafta, 20 m/dk hızda ve günlük 45 dk koşu bandında egzersiz yaptırıldı. Deneme sonunda elde edilen serum- lar ticari kit (Abbott) protokolüne uygun olarak bel irlendi. Bulgular: Deneme sonunda elde edilen veriler incelendiğinde, D ve DE grupları- nın glukoz de ğerlerinin kontrol gruplar ına (K ve E) göre anlaml ı dü- zeyde yüksek oldu ğu (p<0,05), ancak DE grubundak i değerlerin D grubuna göre azaldığı tespit edildi. D grubunda tiroid stimüle edici hor- mon [thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)], T3 ve T4 seviyeleri K ve E grubuna kıyasla düşüş gösterdi (p<0,05). Kortizol düzeyi ise E grubunda diğer 3 gruptan daha dü şük iken, en yüksek kort izol düzeyi diyabetik grupta ölçüldü (p<0,05). DE grubunda serum TSH düzeylerinin D gru- buna kıyasla önemli oranda arttığı ve kontrol gruplarına (K ve E) ben- zerlik gösterd iği belirlendi (p<0,05). Y ine DE grubunda T3, T4 düzeylerinin D grubuna göre artma eğiliminde olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç: Diyabetiklerde 4 hafta süren aerobik egzersiz uygulamasının, hem glu- koz metabolizmasını iyileştirmesinde hem de kortizol ve tiroid hormon seviyelerini artırmasında oldukça etkili olduğu görülmektedir.
Comparison of the Development and Involution Periods of Bursa of Fabricius with Histological and Histochemical Methods
(Turkish Science and Technology Publishing (TURSTEP), 2023) Kuloğlu, Hatice Yaren; Boydak, Murat
The aim of this study is to histologically and histochemically determine the developmental and involutional stages of bursa of Fabricius of henna partridge (Alectoris chukar). In the study, bursa of Fabricius of 12 3-month-old (6 males, 6 females), 12 6-month-old (6 males, 6 females) henna partridges purchased from a private farm were used. It was observed that bursa of Fabricius was surrounded by a connective tissue capsule and consisted of tunica serosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica mucosa layers from the outside to the inside. It was seen that the tunica muscularis consisted of outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscle fibers. It was observed that the tunica mucosa made plicae towards the lumen of the organ and consisted of 10-15 plicae. It was seen that lamina epithelialis and lymph follicles were present in each plica. It was determined that the lamina epithelialis consisted of two parts called FAE (Follicle-Associated Epithelium) and IFE (İnter Follicular Epithelium). It was noted that the lymph follicles contained cortex and medulla sections and were separated locally by capillaries together with cortical medullary boundry cells. In the M ethyl Green-pyronin staining method, plasma cells were found in the bursa of Fabricius of the henna partridge, in the connective tissue surrounding the organ, around the blood vessels and inside the follicles. In AB pH=2.5 staining, AB-positive reaction was seen only in the apical part of the ep ithelial cells forming FAE and IFE in the pre- and post-involution period. In PAS staining, PAS-positive reaction was observed only in the apical part of the epithelial cells forming FAE and IFE in the pre- and post-involution period. In PAS/AB pH=2.5 combined staining method, AB-positive reaction was observed only in the apical part of epithelial cells in the pre- and post-involution period. As a result of this study, it was found that bursa of Fabricius of the henna partridge did not undergo any histochemical changes despite its histologically large differences after involution.
The effects of storage conditions and homogenisation buffers on the measurement of SOD, CAT and ADA enzyme activities in cattle liver
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Balkan, Burcu Menekşe; Meral, Öğünç; Çetintav, Bekir; Tutun, Hidayet; Özkurt, Güzin
Background: Accurate measurement of enzyme activities is very important in studies to evaluate enzymatic parameters. While performing these measurements, many factors can affect the results, including the method of obtaining the tissues, the conditions under which they are stored until analysis, and the methods of determining enzyme activity. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different storage conditions (time and temperature) and different homogenisation buffers (PBS or KCl) on the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) in homogenised cattle liver. Methods: Fresh liver tissue samples were obtained from the slaughterhouse and homogenised in different homogenisation buffers. Supernatants from each sample were divided into three groups according to the experimental design of the study. SOD, CAT and ADA enzyme activities in homogenised tissues were evaluated. Results: Our data revealed that SOD, CAT and ADA activities did not differ significantly between PBS and KCl groups or between -20°C and -80°C freezing temperatures. However, our results showed that SOD levels decreased over time in both groups, CAT levels demonstrated a significant decrease from Month 0 to Month 3 and ADA levels decreased significantly over time. Conclusions: The results indicated that storage time had a significant effect on enzyme activity changes, but the effect of storage temperature and homogenisation buffer was generally limited. These results may support the measurement of enzymatic activity in liver homogenate immediately and, if necessary, after freezing for the shortest possible time.
Gross Anatomical, Histological, Histochemical and Scanning Electron Microscopic Examination of Glandular Stomach of Chinese Goose (Anser cygnoides)
(Agricultural Research Communication Centre, 2024) Tolgahan, Deni?z; Yaren Kuloğlu, Hatice
The digestive system is responsible for the intake, conversion and absorption of nutrients and the elimination of wastes from the body in order to provide the necessary energy for the continuation of vitality and functions. The aim of this study was to examine the glandular stomach of the Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) by histological, histochemical and scanning electron microscopic methods. Methods: The glandular stomachs of 12 (6 males and 6 females) healthy adult Chinese geese (Anser cygnoides) were used in the study. The tissues taken were subjected to routine histological procedures. Result: Gross anatomically, it was seen that the Proventriculus was a fusiform or spindle-shaped organ, extending along the median plane between the esophagus and the muscular stomach. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations revealed that the glandular stomach surface of Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) contained many mucosal folds. Parallel grooves and proventricular gland openings were observed between these folds. Histologically, it was observed that the glandular stomach wall of Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) consisted of four layers: tunica mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The tunica mucosa was observed to have lamina epithelialis, lamina propria and lamina muscularis sublayers. Single layer prismatic cells secreting mucus were found in the lamina epithelialis layer. These cells showed local Alcian Blue (AB) pH:2,5 positive reaction. Lamina muscularis consisted of longitudinal smooth muscle fiber bundles. Compound, branched tubular glands were observed in the submucosal layer. Again, a regional AB positive reaction was observed in the lumen-facing parts of the tubular glands. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive reaction was noted in the basal parts of the tubular glands. In Gordon-Sweet (GS) staining method, reticular threads easily distinguished in all areas where connective tissue present.
Effectiveness of May Grunwald Giemsa staining on tissues fixed with sugar cane molasses
(İlker ÇAMKERTEN, 2024) Yaren Kuloğlu, Hatice; Yahyazadeh, Ahmad
Formaldehyde is a reactive chemical that reacts randomly with various cellular elements. This substance, which is also found in the natural structure of the organism, is used in many areas, from the industry to household materials, from the production of coatings in dentistry to the fixation of cadavers in laboratories. Formaldehyde is commonly used in laboratories for fixation of tissues. In this study, the staining properties of tissues fixed with low-cost sugar cane molasses, which is one of the natural sugars and organically produced in Turkey, shown by May Grunwald Giemsa staining method were compared with those of tissues fixed with buffered formol-saline. As a result, intense maceration was observed in the skin and small intestines. Considering the chromatin distribution, nucleus separation and cytoplasm staining in other tissues (liver, spleen, kidney, testis, large intestine, brain, cerebellum and lung), tissues fixed with sugarcane molasses showed similar properties to tissues fixed with buffered formal-saline.
Anatomical, histological and transmission electron microscopic examination of liver in chinese goose (Anser cygnoides)
(Agricultural Research Communication Centre, 2024) Çıraklı, Ali Burak; Kuloğlu, Hatice Yaren
The liver, the main organ in the continuity of energy supply, is the largest gland in the body. The liver, which has functions such as cleansing the body from toxins, synthesizing bile, secreting the synthesized bile and regulating metabolism, acts as an endocrine and exocrine gland. The liver is a complex organ that processes the digested and absorbed substances, stores them for the benefit of other organs or transfers them to the circulatory system, thus creating a transition zone between the digestive system and the circulatory system. The aim of this study is to examine the Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) liver Anatomically, Histologically and by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Methods: In this study Chinese geese (Anser cygnoides) were procured from a private farm in Aksaray, 6 females and 6 males, were utilized. Result: Tissue samples were examined under a light microscope with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining method. Histologically, it was observed that the liver in Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) did not have the typical lobule structure, consisted of many lobules and the interlobular septum was thin. Hepatocytes were oval and centrally located and merged to form remark cords and these remark cords were separated by sinusoids. Kupffer cells were present. Lymph nodules were intensely observed in the examined tissues. Bile duct, arteria hepatica and vena porta forming the Kiernan's space were found. It was determined that each unit with the vena centralis was similar to the lobule structure. Healthy mitochondrial structures and heterochromatic-appearing hepatocytes and Kupffer cells were observed electron microscopically. The nucleus of the hepatocyte was round and euchromatic, the nuclear membrane was healthy and intact and the nucleolus was centrally located. The cytoplasm contained a very small number of small vacuoles. It was observed that the cytoplasm was homogeneously distributed. Mitochondria were normal in appearance, with regular double membranes and healthy cristae. A very prominent bile duct and a healthy endoplasmic reticulum structure were observed.

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