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    Assessment of Lemna gibba L. (duckweed) as a potential ecological indicator for contaminated aquatic ecosystem by boron mine effluent
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2013) Böcük, Harun; Yakar, Anil; Türker, Onur Can
    Duckweeds, as a group, are important early warning indicators for the assessment of contaminated ecosystems due to their propensity to accumulate pollutants. In the present study, we investigated the potential use of Lemna gibba L (Lemnaceae) as an ecological indicator for boron (B) mine effluent containing B concentration above 10 mg l(-1). For this purpose, L gibba fronds were grown for 7 days in simulated water contaminated with B mine effluent. The important note is that this study was carried out in Kirka (Eskisehir, Turkey) B reserve area, which is the largest borax reserve in all over the world, under natural climatic conditions in the field. The results demonstrated that accumulations of B by L. gibba gradually increased based on the initial B concentrations (10, 25, 50,100, and 150 mg l(-1)) of the mine effluent. B concentration in the dry weight of the plant reached 639 mg kg(-1) when the minimum initial dosage (10 mg l(-1)) was applied and 2711 mg kg(-1) when the maximum initial dosage (150 mg l(-1)) was applied during the study. However, significant reductions in their relative growth rates occurred in 50, 100 and 150 mg l(-1) initial B concentrations. Results suggest that 25 mg l(-1) B concentration in water seemed to be a sensitive endpoint for L. gibba that could be used as a critical bioindicator level of B contaminated water. Following our data, we also constructed a simple growth model under the climatic conditions in this region of Turkey, but in instructive as a worldwide model. L gibba is, therefore, suggested to be able to use as both an indicator and a phytoremediation tool because of its high accumulation capacity for B contaminated water. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Engineered wetland reactors with different media types to treat drinking water contaminated by boron (B)
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2017) Türker, Onur Can; Türe, Cengiz; Yakar, Anil; Saz, Çağdaş
    Boron (B) removal is a difficult process, and techniques based on conventional methodology mostly remove little or no B from drinking water. Therefore, an attractive, low cost, and environmental friendly treatment method should be tested in order to recover B from drinking water, especially when instillation, operation, and maintenance costs limit treatment applications. Engineered wetland (EW) treatment technologies are effective, economical, and eco-friendly treatment options for wastewater treatment in semi-arid and arid areas in the world. This study presents four new up-flow engineered wetland (UEW) reactors tested with different media types for B removal from drinking water in 120 days treatment period. The results show that significant amount of B is removed from drinking water with UEW, suggesting that using an up-flow mode in EW treatment technology for B removal seems to be an option more effective than those of the other EW system modes. Using Typha latifolia, the present experiment chooses four different filling materials, namely peat, zeolite, volcanic cinder, and sand as media to design wetland reactors. We found that media type affects the removal capacities of wetland reactors and thus B removal efficiency of four reactors are ordered as peat reactor (91%)>volcanic cinder reactor (84%)>sand reactor (83%)>zeolite reactor (57%). Furthermore, results from the present experiment emphasize that the media type also affects the physicochemical parameter, plant uptake, and soil enzyme activities. Consequently, it can be suggested that a well-designed wetland treatment reactor with an up-flow mode and peat media is an effective tool for drinking water treatment in order to obtain higher B removal efficiency. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.