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Öğe A molecular and histopathological study on bronchopneumonia in cats(Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi, 2024) Akçakavak, Gökhan; Tuzcu, Nevin; Çelik, Zeynep; Tural, Ayşenur; Dağar, Osman; Tuzcu, MehmetIn this study, it was aimed to determine Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma felis, Staphylococcus aureus and Chlamydia felis, which cause bronchopneumonia in cats, by Real-time PCR and to compare the pathological findings of the identified agents. The material of the study was constituted of paraffin blocks belonging to the lungs, of which 21 bronchopneumonia were detected in microscopic examination (with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE)) from a total of 78 cats samples brought to Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology for pathological diagnosis. Histopathologically, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and mononuclear cell infiltration (MCI) in the bronchi and bronchiolar lumens, desquamation in the bronchi and bronchiolar epithelium, PMNL infiltration with oedama in alveolar lumens and desquamated alveolar epithelium, PMNL infiltration in the interstitium, and peribronchi and peribronchiolar MCI, and pleuritis were detected. Real-time PCR analysis revealed Bordetella bronchiseptica in 3 (14.29%) cases, Mycoplasma felis in 3 (14.29%), Staphylococcus aureus in 5 (23.8%), and Chlamydia felis in 5 (23.8%). Morever, Mycoplasma felis and Staphylococcus aureus infection was detected in 1 case, and Staphylococcus aureus and Chlamydia felis mixed infection was observed in 1 case. Our results show that relevant agents can frequently be isolated in cases of feline bronchopneumonia.Öğe Determination of Apoptosis, Necroptosis and Autophagy Markers by Real-time PCR in Naturally Infected Pneumonic Pasteurellosis caused by Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica in Cattle(University of Agriculture, 2024) Akçakavak, Gökhan; Karataş, Özhan; Tuzcu, Nevin; Tuzcu, MehmetPneumonic pasteurellosis (PP) is defined as one of the pivotal infectious diseases caused by Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica. This study aimed to determine the levels of Bcl-2-associated protein X (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), caspase-3, autophagy related-5 (Atg5), beclin-1 and receptor interacting protein-3 (RIP3) in lung tissues with naturally infected PP caused by P. multocida and M. haemolytica, and to reveal their effects on the pathogenesis of P. multocida and M. haemolytica pneumonia. The material of the study consisted of 150 fibrinous pneumonia/pleuropneumonia and 10 healthy lung tissue samples. Relevant samples were examined by histopathological, immunohistochemical and real-time PCR methods. Immunohistochemically, 23 (15.3%) were positive for P. multocida, and 17 (11.3%) were positive for M. haemolytica. Subsequently, the processes of apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis for P. multocida and M. haemolytica were evaluated by real-time PCR. P. multocida pneumonia increased Bax, Caspase-3, Atg5, Beclin-1, and RIP3 gene expressions (4.2, 3.8, 2.9, 2.1, 2.8-fold, respectively), whereas Bcl-2 gene expression was decreased (0.22-fold). While Bax, Caspase-3, Atg5, Beclin-1, and RIP3 gene expressions were increased in M. haemolytica pneumonia (2.3, 1.9, 1.7, 1.2, 4.2-fold, respectively), it was observed that Bcl-2 gene expression was reduced (0.52-fold). The results obtained in the study revealed the importance of necroptosis, apoptosis and autophagy processes in the pathogenesis of PP caused by P. multocida and M. haemolytica and contributed to the literature. In addition, we found that the processes of apoptosis and autophagy play a more active role in PP caused by P. multocida, and the process of necroptosis plays a more active role in PP caused by M. haemolytica.Öğe Determination of local expressions of IGF-1, LC3B and NF-kB in white muscle disease in lambs by immunohistochemical method(İlker ÇAMKERTEN, 2024) Akçakavak, Gökhan; Karataş, Özhan; Tural, Ayşenur; Dağar, Osman; Doğan, Osman; Tuzcu, MehmetWhite muscle disease (WMD) is also known as Stiff Lamb Disease or Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy. Selenium and/or Vitamin E deficiency constitutes the etiology of the disease. This study aimed to immunohistochemically evaluate local protein expressions of Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and Microtubule-related protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 beta (LC3B) in WMD. The material of the study consisted of 15 WMD, and 6 healthy lamb heart samples. The heart tissues of the autopsied lambs were subjected to routine tissue processing and paraffin blocks were obtained. Then, it was stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and immunohistochemical methods. Control group lambs had normal macroscopic appearance. Macroscopically, hyaline degeneration and zenker’s necrosis, calcification areas were observed in WMD tissues. Microscopically, degenerative and necrotic muscle fibers, calcification areas, fibrosis, mononuclear cell infiltrates and macrophage infiltrates were detected in WMD heart tissues. Immunohistochemically, significant increases were detected in IGF-1 (p<0.001), LC3B (p<0.001) and NF-kB (p<0.05) in the WMD group compared to the control group. Immunoreactivity in the relevant primers was detected commonly in degenerative and necrotic muscle fibers. In addition, occasional immunoreactivity was observed in the relevant primers in inflammatory cell infiltrates. In conclusion, NF-kB, IGF-1 and LC3B protein expressions were evaluated immunohistochemically for the first time in lambs with WMD. Our findings show that IGF-1 and LC3B proteins are highly expressed in heart tissue in WMD. Additionally, it is possible to say that IGF-1 and LC3B can be used in the diagnosis of WMD.Öğe Effectiveness of Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cell medium on burn wound healing: Focus on apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy(Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, 2025) Çelik Kenar, Zeynep; Tuzcu, Mehmet; Akçakavak, Gökhan; Majidov, Nijat; Öner, Muhammed; Tural Çifçi, Ayşenur; Şahin, RabiaThe aim of this study is to evaluate the treatment efficacy of Platelet–Rich Plasma (PRP), silver sulfadiazine, and Wharton Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Conditioned Medium (WJ–MSC– CM) on burn wounds using a rat model. The study included four groups, each with 16 rats, and the groups were further divided into two subgroups (n=8) for the 7th and 14th days of the treatment process. Group 1 received no treatment after the burn. Group 2 received PRP (Platelet–Rich Plasma) treatment on the first day after the burn. Group 3 was treated with silver sulfadiazine on the first day after the burn. Group 4 received WJ–MSC–CM on the first day after the burn. In the current study, the expression of Caspase–3, Bcl–2, TNF–α, p21, and Beclin–1 genes among the groups was evaluated by Real–time PCR. The silver sulfadiazine and WJ–MSC–CM treatment groups exhibited lower Bcl–2 expression and higher Caspase–3 and Beclin–1 expression compared to the other groups. TNF–α and p21 expression was high in the burn control group and showed lower expression in the treated groups. The current findings demonstrate that WJ–MSC–CM exhibits healing efficacy on burn wounds comparable to the reference drug (silver sulfadiazine) by inducing apoptosis and autophagy and reducing necroptosis and DNA damage. Additionally, PRP provided some positive benefits compared to the control group but was less effective than the other treatments.Öğe Effects of Testosterone Undecanoate Treatment on Some Oxidative Stress and Histopathological Parameters in Testicular Tissue of Rabbits(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2025) Suvarıklı Alan, Beyza; Akçakavak, Gökhan; Camgöz, Avni; Tuzcu, Mehmet; Haliloğlu, Seyfullah; Dayan, Mustafa OrhunStudies on Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs), which are increasingly used by many people, such as professional athletes, bodybuilders, in an uncontrolled manner with each passing day, have indicated that they can cause oxidative stress besides many side effects. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of testosterone undecanoate (TU), an anabolic steroid, on histopathological and oxidative stress in testicular tissues of New Zealand rabbits. Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted on 18 male New Zealand rabbits aged 5-6 weeks. The study involved three groups: the control group, the castor oil group, and the TU group, each of which included six New Zealand rabbits. While no treatment was provided to the control group, 0.2 mL castor oil was injected intramuscularly (IM) into the castor oil group and 0.2 mL TU (10 mg/kg) dissolved in castor oil was injected IM into the TU group for 6 weeks, 5 days a week. At the end of the experiment, testicular tissue samples of the animals that were euthanized under appropriate conditions were collected, and histopathological examinations and oxidative stress parameters in testicular tissue were analyzed. In the study, superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase levels of testicular tissue in the TU injected group showed a statistically significant decrease compared to the control group (P < 0.05). When the macroscopic appearance of the testes was examined, it was found that the testes in the control and castor oil groups were macroscopically similar to each other, while the testes of the rabbits in the TU group appeared atrophic. When the mean Johnsen scores calculated in all groups were evaluated, it was observed that the control and castor oil groups were normal, while the TU group was thought to have maturation arrest. As a result of the histopathological examinations, the testicular tissue sections of the control group showed that the seminiferous tubules were regular and normal in diameter and size. When the testicular tissue sections of the castor oil group were examined, seminiferous tubules were found to be in good condition. The microscopic examination of the testicular tissues of the TU group showed atrophic changes in most of the seminiferous tubules. Besides the shrinkage in the size of these atrophic tubules, it was remarkable that the normal structure was disrupted and the cells were separated from the basal membrane and exfoliated into the lumen. Consequently, based on the findings that TU triggered oxidative stress in the testicular tissue of New Zealand rabbits and showed macroscopically and histopathologically adverse effects, it was concluded that the use of such AASs may cause significant health problems, and their use should be controlled. Discussion: Increased production of free radicals and weakening of the antioxidant defense system can lead to oxidative stress, which results in arterial blockages, severe damage to cells, and consequently impaired spermatogenesis. If the testicular biological system fails to detoxify or repair the negative effects of free radicals, cells and tissues are severely damaged. Long-term nandrolone decanoate (a testosterone preparation) treatment has been reported to decrease kidney tissue GSH and testicular tissue SOD levels in rats and New Zealand rabbits. Similarly, injection of boldenone undecylenate, an AAS, was noted to significantly reduce SOD, GSH, and catalase levels in the testicular tissue of rats, an indicator of oxidative stress in rat testes. The present study showed a statistically significant decrease (P < 0.05) in testicular tissue SOD, GSH, GPx, and catalase levels in the group to which TU was injected and this finding was consistent with the findings of previous studies.Öğe Tarantula cubensis alcohol extract enhances the tumoricidal effect of capecitabine via multiple pathways in azoxymethane-induced colorectal cancer in rats(University of Benin, 2024) Akçakavak, Gökhan; Çelik, Zeynep; Karataş, Özhan; Doğan, Osman; Özdemir, Özgür; Tuzcu, MehmetTo evaluate the effect of a combination of Tarantula cubensis alcohol extract (TCAE) and capecitabine (CAP) in the treatment of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: Forty-two Wistar albino rats were divided into 7 groups with 6 rats in each group. The groups consisted of Control (C), Control+TCAE (C-TCAE), Control+CAP (C-CAP), Cancer control (CC), Cancer+TCAE (CC-TCAE), Cancer+CAP (CC-CAP) and Cancer+CAP+TCAE (CC-CAP+TCAE). To induce CRC, AOM (15 mg/kg) was administered to rats subcutaneously (sc) twice at a one-week interval to all the groups except control. From the 15th week, TCAE (0.2 mL/rat sc) was administered to CC-TCAE group every 3 days for 4 weeks, and CAP (40 mg/kg/day) was administered by gavage to CC-CAP group for 4 weeks. In CC-CAP+TCAE group, TCAE (0.2 mL/rat sc) was administered every 3 days for 4 weeks, and CAP (40 mg/kg/day) was administered gavage for 4 weeks. Animals were treated for 18 weeks. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) were evaluated histopathologically among CC, CC-TCAE, CC-CAP, and CC-CAP+TCAE groups. ?-catenin, CD15, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), and Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-?B) expression levels were immunohistochemically compared among all groups. Results: Histopathologically, ACF scores were significantly increased in CC group, while a significant decrease in the relevant scores (p < 0.001) was observed in CC-CAP and CC-CAP+TCAE treatment groups, and the lowest scores were in CC-CAP+TCAE group. Immunohistochemically, in CC group, ?-catenin, Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-?B), Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and CD15 expressions were highly irregular. CC-CAP and CC-CAP+TCAE groups had significantly reduced expressions (p < 0.001), and the lowest expressions were in CC-CAP+TCAE group. Conclusion: The combined use of TCAE and CAP in treatment of CRC has a synergistic effect and increases the anticancer efficacy of TCAE, and CAP. More studies at the molecular level are needed in the future to demonstrate the clinical benefit of TCAE supplementation during the treatment of CRC with CAP.
