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    Effect of bodyweight squat exercise with blood flow restriction on sprint and jump performance in collegiate soccer players
    (Pamukkale University, 2024) Kamış, Okan; Kurt, Muhammet; Blaisdell, Robert; Macdonald, Christopher; Nobari, Hadi
    This study investigated the effect of bodyweight squat (BWS) with blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise on sprint and jump performance in collegiate male soccer players. Twenty-four male collegiate soccer players (age: 19.3±1.0 years; height: 178.8±5.8 cm; body mass: 73.5±10.7 kg) were randomly divided equally into BFR or control groups. The BFR group performed BWS with BFR, while the Control group performed BWS without BFR 3x/week for eight weeks on nonconsecutive days. Both groups performed BWS for 30-15-15-15 repetitions with 30-second rest between sets (with continuous BFR pressure between sets). Limb occlusion pressure (LOP) was measured in a supine position after 10 min of passive rest by the automated device. Progressive overload was achieved by increasing LOP % weekly. The pressure was set at 60% LOP for the first four weeks and then was increased to 70% LOP for weeks 5 and 6 and then to 80% LOP for weeks 7 and 8. Countermovement jump (CMJ) and 30m sprint performance were assessed before and after the exercise program. No statistically significant differences between groups were identified. Both groups significantly increased sprint and CMJ performance (p<0.05). BFR and control groups increased jumping performance by 7% (ES: 0.55) and 2% (ES: 0.13), respectively. As for sprint performance, BFR and control groups increased by 5% (ES: 1.53) and 3.5% (ES: 1.14), respectively. In conclusion, the BFR group showed a larger effect size for sprint performance, suggesting that BFR may have a moderate to large effect on performance.
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    Relationships between training load, peak height velocity, muscle soreness and fatigue status in elite-level young soccer players: a competition season study
    (BioMed Central Ltd, 2023) Nobari, Hadi; Eken, Özgür; Kamiş, Okan; Oliveira, Rafael; González, Pablo Prieto; Aquino, Rodrigo
    Background This study aimed to compare training load parameters, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue status between season periods (1st and 2nd halves) in U14 soccer players and to analyze the relationships between training load parameters based on season periods (1st and 2nd halves) with peak height velocity (PHV), DOMS, and fatigue status in under-14 (U14) young elite soccer players. Additionally, it was intended to analyze if fatigue, DOMS and PHV could explain training load parameters across the season. Methods Twenty U14 players that competed in the national league participated in this study. The players were monitored during the whole season (26 weeks), and evaluations were carried out at the end of the in-season. Anthropometric and body composition parameters and the maturity ofset of each player were utilized to compute each player’s age at PHV. Players reported their levels of DOMS and fatigue status using Hooper index questionnaires. The internal load was monitored using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Acute weekly internal load (AW), chronic weekly internal load (CW), acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony (TM), and training strain (TS) were also obtained. Results The main results showed that TM was higher in the 2nd half, while CW, AW and DOMS were higher in the 1st half of the season. Moreover, the main correlations showed a positive correlation between PHV and TS (2nd half of the season) and between fatigue and TM (1st half of the season). Conclusion In conclusion, variations in well-being status and PHV cannot explain the variations in internal training loads in elite U14 soccer players. In addition, internal training load indices during the frst half of the competitive season can promote a fundamental base for progression loads during the second period of the competitive season.
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    Variations in accumulated-training load parameters and olcomotor demand with consideration of puberty in elite young soccer players
    (MDPI, 2022) Nobari, Hadi; Shemshaki, Hamed Kia; Kamiş, Okan; Oliveira, Rafael; González, Pablo Prieto; Mainer-Pardos, Elena
    The study’s purposes were to examine the associations of training load parameters with locomotor demand and puberty status in elite young soccer players and to predict the percentage of changes in their performance ability with adjustments to the training load parameters, using multivariate regression analysis, while considering PHV and maturity offset. Seventeen male players (15–16 years old) participated in this study. Anthropometrics, body composition, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and puberty status (for calculating PHV) and maturity offset were assessed. The results demonstrated substantial differences between the PHV, VO2max, and load parameters (acute and chronic workload (CWL)) over a soccer season. A substantial relationship existed between the workload parameters (VO2max, CWL, and training monotony (TM)) and maturity offset. All of the variables, except for training strain, demonstrated significant variances in relation to the differences between the first and second halves (p < 0.05). Aerobic performance can be estimated using the CWL, TM, and maturity offset values (R2 = 0.46). On the contrary, aerobic power performance can be explained using the acute:chronic workload, TM, and PHV values (R2 = 0.40). In conclusion, the biological maturity state of young soccer players has a substantial impact on their functional potential. Variations in accumulated load contribute significantly to aerobic resistance, whereas weight and height contribute significantly to sprint and vertical-jump performance, respectively.