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    Effects of photoperiod on thyroid gland development and function in growing chicks: A biochemical and morphometric study
    (CSIRO, 2021) Özkanlar, Seçkin; Kara, Hülya; Gür, Cihan; Gedikli, Semin; Kara, Adem; Özüdoğru, Zekeriya; Özdemir, Derviş; Kurt, Nezahat
    Context: Light treatment has a regulatory role in some growth-related functions, including thyroid development in chicks. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different photoperiod treatments on thyroid organ weight and serum thyroid hormone concentrations of broilers by use of biochemical and histological methods. Methods: After the hatching, 120 broiler chicks (Ross) were divided into two main groups according to sex. Both groups were then split into two sub-groups based on photoperiod treatment: 16 h (i.e. 16 h light:8 h dark) and 24 h (24 h light:0 h dark). Thyroid gland and blood samples of six animals from each group were obtained after slaughtering at 7-day intervals from Day 14 after hatching to Day 42. Serum concentrations of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxin (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined by the chemiluminescence method for all groups. Thyroid weight, bodyweight and thyroid follicle diameter were also measured. Key results: Thyroid weight:bodyweight ratio generally started to increase from Day 14 to Day 42, with no significant (P > 0.05) difference among the groups at the same age. For both male and female broiler chicks, morphometric measures increased as birds grew. Serum FT3 and TSH concentrations slightly decreased and serum FT4 concentrations increased in growing chicks of both sexes. Conclusions: Extending the photoperiod from 16 to 24 h had no effects on thyroid gland development or functions in terms of both biochemical and morphometric parameters in broiler chicks. Implications: Continuous light has minimal effects on thyroid functions of growing broiler chicks to Day 42.
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    Morphological and immunohistochemical study on the distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of partridge, alectoris chukar
    (University of Punjab (new Campus), 2022) Özüdoğru, Zekeriya; Kara, Hülya; Kara, Adem; Özdemir, Derviş; Balkaya, Hülya
    This study investigates the distribution and relative frequencies of the endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the partridge (Alectoris chukar). These cells which secrete coloestokinin (CCK), motilin, ghrelin, gastrointestinal polypetide (GIP) and vasointestinal polypeptide (VIP) in gastrointestinal tract were examined by using immunohistochemistry. CCK-IR, motilin-IR, ghrelin-IR, GIP-IR and VIP-IR cells were found to be more densely populated than other immunostained endocrine cells in the proventriculus and ventriculus sections. The distribution of CCK-IR, ghrelin-IR, and VIP-IR endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the red legged partridge was of an uncommon pattern. Our findings show that CCK-IR, motilin-IR, ghrelin-IR, GIP-IR and VIP-IR cells might be produced by all the proventriculus, ventriculus, duodenum, jejenum and ileum regions. These distribution patterns also provide further evidence of species-specific differences.
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    Therapeutic Potential of Silymarin in Mitigating Paclitaxel-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity: Insights into Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Rats
    (Galenos Publishing House, 2024) Yakut, Seda; Atcalı, Tuğçe; Çağlayan, Cüneyt; Ulucan, Aykut; Kandemir, Fatih Mehmet; Kara, Adem; Anuk, Turgut
    Paclitaxel (PAX) is a widely used chemotherapy drug for various cancer types but often induces significant toxicity in multiple organ systems. Silymarin (SIL), a natural flavonoid, has shown therapeutic potential due to its multiple benefits. Aims: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of SIL in mitigating liver and kidney damage induced by PAX in rats, focusing on oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis pathways. Study Design: Experimental animal model. Methods: The study included 28 male Wistar rats aged 12-14 weeks weighing 270-300 g. The rats were divided into four groups: control, SIL, PAX, and PAX + SIL, with seven in each group. The rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections at a dose of 2 mg per kilogram of body weight of PAX for 5 successive days, followed by oral gavage with 200 mg/ kg body mass of SIL for 10 uninterrupted days. We examined the effect of SIL on specific serum biochemical parameters using an autoanalyzer and rat-specific kits. The spectrophotometric methods was used to investigate oxidative stress indicators in kidney and liver tissues. Aquaporin-2 (AQP-2), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), cysteine aspartate-specific protease-3 (caspase-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-?B), and streptavidin-biotin staining were used to assess immunoreactivity in PAXinduced liver and kidney injury models. Results: SIL treatment significantly reduced serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, urea, and C-reactive protein, indicating its effectiveness in treating PAX-induced liver and kidney injury. SIL treatment significantly reduced oxidative stress by increasing essential antioxidant parameters, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione. It also reduced malondialdehyde levels in liver and kidney tissues of SIL-PAX groups (p < 0.05). SIL administration reduced NF-?B, caspase-3, and IL-6 expression while increasing Bcl-2 and AQP2 levels in liver and kidney tissues of rats treated with SIL and PAX (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings indicate the potential of SIL to alleviate PAXinduced liver and kidney damage in rats by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic processes.