Yazar "Erkmen, Belda" seçeneğine göre listele
Listeleniyor 1 - 18 / 18
Sayfa Başına Sonuç
Sıralama seçenekleri
Öğe A prelımınary hıstologıcal study on ovarıum development ın mırror carp and scaled carp (Cyprinus Carpio L., 1758) ıntroduced ınto gelıngüllü reservoır, Turkey(Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research, 2016) Erkmen, Belda; Gülsün Kırankaya, ŞerifeCarp (Cyprinus carpio) is the most common species of the Cyprinidae family and is among the important species commercially caught in the Gelingüllü Reservoir, Yozgat, Turkey. In this study, the reproductive biology of mirror carp and scaled carp in Gelingüllü Reservoir was studied in terms of the gonadosomatic index (GSI), fecundity, and ovarian histology. Ovaries were classified into 5 maturity stages based on histological data, as follows: 1. Chromatin-nucleolus stage (oocyte diameter is 20-60 µm); 2. Peri-nucleolar stage (oocyte diameter is 60-200 µm); 3. Cortical alveolar stage (oocyte diameter is 200-600 µm); 4. Vitellogenic stage (oocyte diameter is 600-1000 µm); 5. Maturation stage (oocyte diameter is 1000-1400 µm). When ovulation was completed, post-ovulatory follicles and atretic follicles were noted in the ovaries. The spawning period in both populations extended from April to July, but peak-spawning activity occurred in April and May. Absolute fecundity reached 2.133 million eggs in mirror carp and 1.628 million eggs in scaled carp. Ovaries that contained both yolk stage oocytes and postovulatory follicles indicated that carp is a multiple spawner. Histological analysis in the present study showed that female mirror carp and scaled carp had mature eggs that contributed to sustaining the both populations in Gelingüllü Reservoir.Öğe Detection of aquatic pollution in meric river by a measure of developmental instability, fluctuating asymmetry in the fish, common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., 1758(Medwell, 2012) Özsoy, Ergi Deniz; Erkmen, Belda; Özeren, Saniye Cevher; Kolankaya, DürdaneA deviation measure of bilateral symmetry, developmental instability (Fluctuating Asymmetry, FA) was estimated with two different indexes (namely, FA1 and FA11) from the samples of common carp, Cyprinus carpio from different collection sites in a highly polluted Meric river system of Turkey. Researchers used three traits of the carp, i.e., head length, eye diameter and barbie length to estimate an index of fluctuating asymmetry separately for each trait (FAls) and for the all the three traits combined (FA1 Is). Only FA1 of the eye diameter resulted in significant deviaton from the symmetry when the most polluted site compared to the others. Researchers suggest that developmental instability may be a relevant indicator of pollution as well as the classical markers. We observe as from the study that choice of multiple traits would be helpfull to reveal possible candidates of fluctuating asymmetry for further use in the like model organismsÖğe Determinations of the effects antifouling copper pyrithione on total hemocyte counts of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)(Ege Üniversitesi, 2018) Günal, Çağlan; Katalay, Selma; Erkmen, Belda; Ayhan, Melike Merve; Gül, Göktuğ; Erkoç, FigenIn the present study, total hemocyte counts of Mytilus galloprovincialis (Black mussel), indicator species for marine pollution, was investigated after exposed to 10 and 30 mu g/L sublethal CuPT for 24 and 96 hours. The total hemocyte counts were significantly decreased at group exposed to CuPT for control group. Total hemocyte counts are good biomarker for determining the effects of antifouling agents and other contaminants to the marine ecosystems.Öğe Does persistent organic pollutant PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) negative impacts on the aquatic invertebrate organism, Astacus leptodactylus [Eschscholtz, 1823](Springer, 2022) Belek, Nesli; Erkmen, Belda; Dinçel, Aylin Sepici; Günal, Aysel ÇağlanHighly persistent perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is an industrial fluorinated organic chemical with significant bioaccumulation and biomagnification properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxic effects of sublethal PFOS on the aquatic invertebrate organism, narrow-clawed crayfish [Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823]. The 96 h LC50 value was determined as 48.81 mg/L (34.19-63.68 mg/L) with probit analysis. The sublethal experimental design was formed into four groups solvent control (DMSO, dimethyl sulphoxide), non-treated control group, and 1/10 (5 mg/L) and 1/100 (0.5 mg/L) of 96 h LC50 of PFOS, and crayfish were exposed for 48 h, 7 d, and 21 d under laboratory conditions. Total haemocyte counts (THCs) decreased, while the haemolymph total antioxidant status (TAS) values increased (p < 0.05) after exposure to 0.5 and 5 mg/L PFOS for 48 h, 7 d, and 21 d. Haemolymph total oxidative stress (TOS) levels significantly increased at 5 mg/L PFOS concentration (p < 0.05). Catalase (CAT) activities increased at both concentrations after 48 h and 7 d and then returned to control levels after 21 d; whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities did not change in muscle tissue (p > 0.05). GPX and CAT activities decreased, but SOD activity increased in hepatopancreas tissue (p < 0.05). SOD activity at both concentrations and CAT activity at 5 mg/L PFOS exposure decreased in gill tissue, while GPX activity increased at both concentrations of 48 h and 7 d and returned to control values on day 21 of exposure. Histopathological alterations were detected in hepatopancreas and gill tissues. Lamellar deformations, epithelial hyperplasia, and haemocytic infiltrations were observed in the gill tissues, whereas tubular degeneration, tubule loss, necrosis, and lesions in the hepatopancreas tissues were the major recorded alterations. As a result, the sublethal concentrations of PFOS have toxic effects on crayfish and histologically cause tissue damage. Our findings also support a better understanding of the early toxicological effects of PFOS in freshwater ecosystems. Also, it could be concluded that A. leptodactylus is a reliable model for examining histopathological alterations and differences in enzyme activities together with the haemolymph findings in toxicology studies amid aquatic species.Öğe Effect of seasonal water temperature variation on the blood serums thyroid hormone levels of juvenile chub fishes (Squalius cappadocicus)(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2020) Özeren, Saniye Cevher; Kankılıç, Gökben Başaran; Erkmen, Belda; Polat, Hüseyin; Pehlivan, ErkanIn this study, the seasonal change (varying with water temperature) of thyroid hormones [Total triiodothyronine (TT3) and Total thyroxine (TT4)] in the blood serums of juvenile chub fish (Squalius cappadocicus) has been investigated. The research has been conducted on the chub fish caught in Melendiz Stream (Aksaray) at different times (2010–April, June, July, and November; 2011–February and March). As a result of the hormonal analyses on blood serums, TT3 and TT4 levels have shown meaningful changes (p < 0.05) inversely proportional to the water temperature. It made us think that this change is due to adaptation decreased/increased metabolic (energy) activity provided by the fishes against temperature stress.Öğe Evaluation of spatial and temporal changes in biomarker responses in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) for biomonitoring the Meric Delta, Turkey(Elsevier, 2012) Güngördü, Abbas; Erkmen, Belda; Kolankaya, DürdaneThe aim of this study is to examine the activity of several biomarkers in carp, Cyprinus carpio L., to determine their response to xenobiotics, such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), in the Meriç Delta. Fish were collected from contaminated sites and from areas regarded as relatively less contaminated in four sampling periods. Hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CaE), lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and acid phosphatase activities were measured as biomarkers in the fish. For all fish, the condition factor and hepatosomatic index, were calculated to determine the condition of the fish. The results of this study indicated that the mean GST activity showed an increase in fish from the Meriç-Ergene junction site and a decrease in Enez site with respect to fish from Meriç site. Furthermore, the study shows that spatial and temporal changes of biomarkers such as GST and CaE might be useful for the assessment of environmental contamination in the Meriç Delta.Öğe Genotoxicity of sub-lethal di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)(Inst Medical Research & Occupational Health, 2016) Karasu Benli, Aysel Çağlan; Erkmen, Belda; Erkoç, FigenThis study aimed to assess genotoxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) erythrocytes after exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of 10 mg L-1 di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) for 24 and 96 h. The results showed that mean MN frequencies in both DBP and ethyl methane-sulfonate (EMS, positive control for MN bioassay) groups were significantly different (p<0.01) with respect to control and solvent control groups, in both exposure scenarios. When analysing nuclear abnormalities, the frequency of notched nuclei was significantly different (p<0.05) but the frequencies of other subtypes did not change. The 96-h exposure led to an increase in the mean frequencies of notched nuclei, and also caused significant differences between MN frequencies in all groups (p<0.01). Our findings indicate that sub-lethal DBP concentrations when tested in controlled laboratory conditions have genotoxic potential towards Nile tilapia. Further detailed studies should be done for the determination of the environmental risk assessment for aquatic life since DBP is a high risk contaminant of freshwater and marine ecosystems.Öğe Impact of DBP on histology and expression of HSP 70 in gill and liver tissue of Cyprinus carpio(Springer, 2015) Agus, Hızlan H.; Erkmen, Belda; Sümer, Sibel; Sepici-Dincel, Aylin; Erkoç, FigenDi-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) widely used plasticizer in the plastic industry, affects regulation of the endocrine system and causes toxicity in animals. In the present study, the aim was to study the toxic effects/damages of DBP exposure using Hsp70 levels and histopathological changes in Carp liver and gill. Hsp70 expression levels were assessed as specific biomarker of in vivo ecotoxicological stress. Carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to sub-lethal concentration of DBP (di-n-butyl phthalate, 1 mg/L) for 4, 24 and 96 h. Gill and liver tissues were evaluated histopathologically and RNA quantifications for Hsp70 expression levels were carried out using a two-step real-time RT-PCR. In liver, a rapid but non-significant increase in mRNA levels in the first 4 h was observed. mRNA levels significantly increased up to 2-3 fold after 24 and 96 h (p < 0.05). However, irregular mRNA level changes were also recorded: Gill specific and time-dependent regulation of Hsp70 expression were 4-5 fold inhibition after 4 and 24 h (p < 0.05), then increased up to 4 fold after 96 h (p < 0.05). Histopathological findings support altered transcription results as: Epithelial lifting, hyperplasia, fusion of secondary lamellae, telangiectasis, passive hyperemia and hydropic degeneration. Significant alterations of Hsp70 levels were likely due to a tissue specific response against chemical stress, cellular damage and lesions due to DBP. Carp was found to be a suitable experimental model for toxicology, and Hsp70 mRNA levels are reliable, specific biomarkers.Öğe Impact of sublethal di-n-butyl phthalate on the aquaculture fish species Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): histopathology and oxidative stress assessment(Wiley-Blackwell, 2017) Erkmen, Belda; Benli, A. Cağlan Karasu; Agus, Hızlan Hıncal; Yıldırım, Zuhal; Mert, Ramazan; Erkoç, FigenPhthalates such as di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and their esters are widely used plasticizers, their ubiquitous presence in daily life, inevitably leads to their restricted use due to important environmental pollution and health impacts and endocrine disruption potential. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a sublethal concentration of 10 mg L-1 DBP on haematocrit (HCT) values, gills and liver histology, malondialdehyde (MDA, 2-thiobarbituric acid-TBA reactivity) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in gills and liver tissue as oxidative stress biomarkers in the aquaculture fish species Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after 24 (DBP-24) and 96 (DBP-96) h exposure. No differences were found between per cent HCT values in the 24 h exposure groups (P > 0.05). Response of antioxidant defence systems in liver and gill tissues of the fish were dependent on exposure duration and changed to a higher extent during 96 h. MDA levels in liver tissue increased in DBP treated fish in comparison to the control fish. However, the differences between the exposure and control groups were not significant (P > 0.05). A statistically significant decrease (P > 0.05) was recorded in gill MDA levels in the DBP-96 group when compared to the control and DBP-24 groups. The liver GSH levels were unchanged in the DBP treated fish. However, GSH levels were significantly lower in the gill tissue of the DBP-96 group. Exposure to DBP caused several degenerative changes in the histology of gill and liver tissue. Gills displayed hyperaemia, epithelial lifting, oedema, talengiectasia, epithelial hyperplasia and fusion of secondary lamellae, whereas in liver several circulatory anomalies (hyperaemia, blood congestion and sinosoid dilatation) and vacuolization of hepatocytes were observed. Histopathological results demonstrated that the gills were more affected than the liver perhaps due to their direct contact with DBP.Öğe In vitro and in vivo effects of commercial and environmental microplastics on Unio delicatus(Springer, 2025) Yüce, Pınar Arslan; Günal, Aysel Çağlan; Erkmen, Belda; Yurdakök Dikmen, Begüm; Çağan, Ali Serhan; Çırak, Tamer; Başaran Kankılıç, Gökben; Seyfe, Melike; Filazi, Ayhan; Tavşanoğlu, Ülkü NihanMicroplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous pollutants in freshwater environments. In this study, freshwater mussels, Unio delicatus, were exposed to both environmental MPs (e-MP) and commercial MPs (c-MP) that include green fluorescent MP (gf-MP), polyethylene (c-PE) and polystyrene (c-PS) at environmental concentrations (5 mg/L and 50 mg/L) over duration of 7 and 30 days. According to in vivo experiment results, both e-MPs and c-MPs induced significant changes in the total hemocyte counts of mussels (p < 0.05). Exposure to high concentrations of e-MPs and c-MPs for 7 days led to decreased cellular glutathione levels in the mussels, while exposure to low concentrations of e-MPs and c-PS for 7 days resulted in increased advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). Mussels exposed to high concentrations of e-MPs for 30 days exhibited decreases in both glutathione levels and AOPP values. Although no damage was observed in tissues other than gills and digestive gland, histopathological alterations were observed in these tissues following exposure to 50 mg/L c-MPs. Additionally, MPs were observed in the intestine tissues. In vitro experiments using the MTT assay showed no significant difference in cell viability between the MP-exposed group and the control group at tested concentrations, with no observed dose-response relationship (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, certain cells exhibited signs of cell death, such as disrupted cellular structures, condensed nuclei, and loss of cellular integrity. These observations were consistent with mechanical compression, indicating that physical contact with MPs may result in cell damage or death. These findings demonstrate that environmentally relevant concentrations of MPs have toxic effects on freshwater mussels and multiple parameters provide valuable insight for the evaluation of health risks of organisms.Öğe Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in water and sediment samples from Lake Manyas, Turkey(2013) Erkmen, Belda; Yerli?, Sedat Vahdet; Erk'Akan, Füsun; Kolankaya, DürdaneThe extent of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) contamination in Manyas Lake (Bird Lake) and its tributary rivers and streams which is situated near the South-eastern coasts of the Marmara Sea in Turkey was investigated. Residues of OCPs in surface water and sediment samples were analysed by gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector. The total OCPs concentration (?OCPs) in water and sediment samples ranged from 1.43 to 8.6 µg l -1 and from 17.05 to 39.14 ng g-1, respectively. According to the concentrations and detection frequencies, HCHs, DDTs, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide were the most dominant compounds among the OCPs. The results showed that Manyas Lake was still contaminated by organochlorine pesticides and their residues despite bans on the production and usage over a long time. © Triveni Enterprises, Lucknow (India).Öğe Size-selective microplastic uptake by freshwater organisms: Fish, mussel, and zooplankton(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Başaran Kankılıç, Gökben; Koraltan, İdris; Erkmen, Belda; Çağan, Ali Serhan; Çırak, Tamer; Özen, Mihriban; Seyfe, Melike; Altındağ, Ahmet; Tavşanoğlu, Ülkü NihanMicroplastics, as an emergent pollutant, have garnered substantial attention within aquatic environments, yet a significant knowledge gap persists regarding the interplay of organism size and pollution impacts on microplastic uptake in freshwater ecosystems. The main aim of the current study is to assess the microplastic ingestion by aquatic organisms across diverse trophic levels. To achieve this objective, zooplankton, mussels (Anodonta anatina), and fish (Carassius gibelio) were collected from the highly polluted Susurluk River Basin in Türkiye. The size distribution encompassed 160.8 ± 56.9 ?m for the prevailing zooplankton, 6.9 ± 2.2 cm for mussel, and 20.4 ± 3.1 cm for fish, respectively. While no microplastic ingestion was observed among zooplankton, the finding highlights the influence of body-size and pollution on microplastic ingestion. In contrast, A. anatina and C. gibelio contained 617 and 792 microplastic particles, respectively. Predominantly, fibers emerged as the most prevalent microplastic type across trophic levels (except zooplankton) followed by films. Notably, only fish exhibited fragments within their gastrointestinal tract. A substantial correlation emerged between microplastic abundance and mussel size and weight, but no such correlation manifested for fish. The study also revealed a positive link between microplastic count and turbidity (phosphate and high Chl a level), impacting mussel ingestion capacity due to the variability in the food availability and potential shifts in feeding preferences. Conversely, no distinct pattern emerged for fish concerning water quality parameters and ingested microplastics. Consequently, our study underscores diverse microplastic uptake patterns in freshwater ecosystems, with a predominant frequency of microplastics falling with the 0.3 mm–3.0 mm range, emphasizing the significance of size-selective uptake by organisms.Öğe Spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity of permethrin in the sea urchin paracentrotus lividus(Springer, 2015) Erkmen, BeldaThe toxicity of permethrin on the fertilization and early development of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryos were studied. Spermiotoxicity was evaluated on the basis of fertilization rate. Embryotoxicity was determined by comparing the frequency of normal development and malformations in embryos exposed to permethrin throughout their development. Permethrin inhibited fertilization success, and yielded IC25 and IC50 values of 0.58 (CL = 0.44-0.77) and 0.94 (CL = 0.92-0.95) A mu g/L, respectively. The embryotoxicity of permethrin was concentration dependent indicating a decreased percentage of normally developed plutei with increasing permethrin concentrations: IC25 = 0.195 A mu g/L (CL = 0.15-0.26) and IC50 = 0.346 A mu g/L (CF = 0.29-0.41). Associated with the decrease in normal pluteus frequency was an increase in larval malformations as skeleton deformities. The results suggest that permethrin is more highly toxic to embryos than to sperm, and that this insecticide may present a potential risk for the sea urchin in contaminated marine environments.Öğe Stress, growth, cytokines and histopathological effects of permethrin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022) Erdoğan, Kenan; Örün, Gül Nihal; Korkmaz, Nuh; Erkmen, Belda; Polat, Hüseyin; Doğru, Arzu; Örün, İbrahim; Doğru, Mehmet İlkerAlthough permethrin has low toxicity in mammals, it affects many aquatic organisms directly or indirectly due to its high insecticide potential. In this study, changes in the levels of some hormones, cytokines and histopathological effects in the gill and liver were studied in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to permethrin at different doses (0, 10 and 20 ppm) and durations (4 days and 21 days). Permethrin exposure showed significant (P < 0.05) elevation in the serum levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol (CORT), tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?), interleukin 1? (IL- 1?) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) while decrease in growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in duration- and concentration dependent-manner compared to the control group. Histopathological findings such as reduction in secondary interlamellar space in the gill tissue, shortening of secondary lamellae, merging, fusion, oedema and telangiectasia were obtained. In the liver tissue, histopathological symptoms such as vacuolization of hepatocytes, passive hyperaemia, mononuclear cell infiltration and hepatocellular degeneration were observed. As a result, it was determined that permethrin had a toxic effect on common carp depending on the dose and duration exposure.Öğe Sub-lethal Effects of Imidacloprid on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)(Springer, 2020) Günal, Aysel Ça?lan; Erkmen, Belda; Paçal, Elif; Arslan, Pınar; Yıldırım, Zuhal; Ünlü Erkoç, FigenImidacloprid (1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine (CAS No: 138261–41-3), neonicotinoid insecticide, and agricultural plant protectants were applied as seed and soil treatments. The aim of the present study is to determine the effects of sub-lethal imidacloprid concentrations on the histopathology and oxidative stress parameters with lipid peroxidation (LPO) to standard non-target test organism, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). 50 and 100 mgL?1 imidacloprid concentrations were chosen for experimental groups with control group. Fish were stocked in 60 L glass aquaria, maintained in aerated and dechlorinated tap water. The mean weight and length of tilapia were 37.78 ± 2.19 g and 12.98 ± 0.22 cm, respectively. After 24 and 96 h exposure to sub-lethal imidacloprid concentrations, the fish were sacrificed; tissue samples of gill and liver were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen for oxidative stress parameters and LPO assays, fixed (buffered 10% formalin) for histopathology. After exposure to sub-lethal imidacloprid, LPO was induced in both tissues. MDA levels were increased in both tissues, while GSH levels were reduced at the high concentration of imidacloprid in the gill tissues after 96 h and both concentrations in the liver tissues (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences for antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD and GPx between exposed and control groups (P > 0.05). Gill tissues revealed hyperaemia, epithelial lifting, fusion of secondary lamellae and telangiectasia, whereas hyperaemia, mononuclear cell infiltration vacuolization of hepatocytes and hydropic degeneration were observed in liver tissues. Imidacloprid is very toxic to the non-target species in the aquatic ecosystem even at sub-lethal concentrations.Öğe Sublethal effects of acrylamide on thyroid hormones, complete blood count and micronucleus frequency of vertebrate model organism (Cyprinus carpio)(De Gruyter Open Ltd, 2022) Erkmen, Belda; Günal, Aysel Cağlan; Polat, Hüseyin; Erdo?an, Kenan; Civelek, Hilal; Erkoç, FigenAcrylamide, a widely used chemical in industry, clinical laboratory and waste treatment plants, is considered a carcinogen in humans. The present study examined the hormonal, hematologic, and genotoxic responses in the invertebrate model common carp Cyprinus carpio after exposure to sublethal acrylamide. Fish were exposed to acrylamide at 10 and 50 mg/L for 96 h, along with the respective control group. Serum levels of cortisol and thyroid hormones were measured using diagnostic ELISA direct immunoenzymatic kits. For micronucleus (MN) frequency assay, thin smears of the peripheral blood of fish were prepared. Serum levels of cortisol in both treatment groups considerably increased, which proposed that acrylamide caused a stress reaction of acrylamide exposed fish (p<0.05). Fish demonstrated significant decreases in triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) concentrations in a dose-dependent manner after acrylamide exposure (p<0.05). However, serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations did not alter significantly in the treatment groups. Mean MN frequencies of fish erythrocytes increased significantly in acrylamide exposed groups suggesting that acrylamide is genotoxic in common carp (p<0.05). The hematocrit, hemoglobin, and erythrocyte numbers of carp increased significantly in exposure groups (p<0.05). These results suggested that acrylamide can significantly affect the hemopoietic system. Furthermore, this study confirmed that the widespread use of acrylamide, even in sublethal concentrations, could affect the survival of non-target organisms, especially fish, in aquatic environments.Öğe Sublethal responses of the indicator Unio species (mussel) to selected phthalate esters(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Kuzukıran, Özgür; Yurdakök, Begüm; Erkmen, Belda; Çağlan Günal, Aysel; Arslan, Pınar; Pacal, Elif; Totan, Fatma Esra; Filazi, Ayhan; Yıldırım, Zuhal; Erkoç, FigenIn this study, the biomass (Sinapis arvensis) was pretreated with acidic (H2SO4, HCI), alkaline (NaOH, KOH) and high temperature water (HTW) after this samples pyrolyzed at 350, 450 and 550 °C. GC–MS, FT-IR, Elemental, 1H NMR and SEM analysis methods were used in the characterization of the products obtained at the end of the pyrolysis process. It has been determined that alkaline and acidic pretreatment increase the liquid product yield and also support the formation of high energy value biochar. According to the liquid product content obtained as a result of pyrolysis, HTW and alkaline pretreatments are more effective in the formation of mono aromatics, and acidic pretreatments are more effective in the production of aliphatic.Öğe The relationship between chloride cells and salinity adaptation in the euryhaline teleost, Lebistes reticulatus(2009) Erkmen, Belda; Kolankaya, DürdaneThe present study elucidates, the relationship between chloride cells and salinity adaptation in the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus. Guppies were exposed to different salinities (2, 5, 8 and 11%) for 2 weeks to adapt them to salt water with the density of chloride cells was examined by light microscopy. The chloride cells of the gills were selectively stained by the fixator of Champy's modified by Maillet. The chloride cell density increased significantly in fish adapted to 8 and 11% salt concentration, which suggests that the densities of branchial chloride cells increased with environmental salinity. © Medwell Journals, 2009.
