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Öğe Estimation of environmental impacts on the water quality of İncesu-Dokuzpınar Springs in Kayseri, Turkey(2004) Elhatip, Hatim; Afşin, Mustafa; Kuşçu, İlkay; Dirik, R. Kadir; Kurmaç, Yakup; Kavurmacı, Murat M.Industrial and agricultural activities have directly or indirectly affected the concentrations of a large number of inorganic chemicals in groundwater, for example NO3, N2, Cl, SO4, H+, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, B, Pb and Zn, as well as a wide variety of pesticides and other organic compounds. For reactive contaminants like NO3, it is recommended that a combination of hydrochernical and environmental-tracer analytical approaches might be required to resolve changing inputs from subsequent alterations as causes of concentration gradients in groundwater. The water type of Incesu-Dokuzpinar Springs is mainly Na-MgCa-Cl-HCO3. Note that the water types of the Springs were directly related to the hydrogeochemical properties of outcrops at the study area. Thus, the high concentration of Ca+2 and HCO3 is mainly related to the high CO2 contents in the marbles, whereas the high Na concentration arises from the existing syenite, volcanic ash, basalt and clay units, although the ·Incesu-Dokuzpinar Springs cover most of the drinking and irrigation water demands at the study area. Therefore, relevant hydrogeochemical and statistical studies were carried out for estimating the mentioned environmental impacts on the water quality of ·Incesu-Dokuzpinar Springs. © Springer-Verlag 2004.Öğe Estimation of environmental impacts on the water quality of the Tahtalidam watershed in İzmir, Turkey(2005) Gülbahar, Necati; Elhatip, HatimWater pollution is a widespread problem in different areas of the world. Some of these problems originated from point contamination sources and widespread contaminant outlet sources which are observed in every country. The major elements and chemical loads of surface water have been dominated by constituents derived directly or indirectly from human activities and/or industrial practices that have increased additives in the last several decades. The point sources of contamination may result from the direct wastewater discharges to the dam sites, which are considered to be the most commonly encountered water pollution problems. One of these problems is the eutrophication process which usually occurs in the static water mass of lakes and other surface water reservoirs. This process may be caused by the continuous increase of nitrogen and phosphorus contents and decrease of O2 level in water causing an anaerobic condition which may stimulate algae-growth flow in these water bodies, consequently reducing the quality of water. Of course, there are many research methods for determining the various kinds of water pollution. In this research, the hydrochemical parameters were evaluated to estimate the types of pollution sources, the level of pollution, and its environmental impacts on the Tahtali dam reservoir. © Springer-Verlag 2005.Öğe Evaluation of the Salt Lake effect on the ground waters of Aksaray-Turkey using geographic information system(Foundation Environmental Protection & Research-Fepr, 2010) Kavurmacı, Murat; Altaş, Levent; Kurmac, Yakup; Işık, Mustafa; Elhatip, HatimAs a result of unplanned groundwater use, the effects of The Salt Lake on the fresh water sources have increased. This case will associate with significant environment problems around the Salt Lake and its environments. In this study, the data have been evaluated for the groundwater samples taken from Aksaray which is one of the agricultural areas of Turkey and bounded of south and east shores of the Salt Lake. Totally 40 groundwater samples including 3 spring and 37 well were sampled from the region. The physical and chemical parameters of the water quality were investigated bi monthly during one year. The maps of water quality were prepared by using the Geographic Information System (GIS) to evaluate well effectively the data of the groundwater. The groundwaters generally have medium salinity hazard rate and a low sodium (alkali) hazard rate in terms of irrigation water use according to the USA Salinity Laboratory Irrigation Water Classification Diagram. While the increase of the salinity have showed the presence of enters of the saline water in the south and the south-east shores of The Salt Lake, it have decreased the quality of fresh waters with respect to the drinking and the use water.Öğe Evaluation of the water quality at Tahtali dam watershed in Izmir-Turkey by means of statistical methodology(Springer, 2008) Elhatip, Hatim; Hınıs, M. Ali; Gülbahar, NecatiSustaining the human ecological benefits of surface water requires carefully planned strategies for reducing the cumulative risks posed by diverse human activities. Municipal governments in Izmir City play a key role in developing solutions to surface water management and protection. Therefore, several methodologies are carried out to develop new solutions for protecting available water resources. In the present study, the major chemical loads of surface water at the Tahtali dam reservoir were evaluated statistically by using monthly averaged values of the measured parameters. Here, the SPSS and NCSS statistical programs were applied during the statistical analyses. Analyses were carried out in two stages. In the first part of the statistical analyses, the mean, median, minimum, maximum, 25th and 75th quartiles were calculated. In second part, the data were investigated by using statistical median test, normality test, parametric and non-parametric correlation and regression analyses. These methods were performed on water quality data taken from four sample sites representing the recharge and discharge areas at the Tahtali dam. The Median test is applied to check if medians of water quality data from four sample sites (Derebogazi, Bulgurca, Menderes and Golcukler) are equal or not. Commonly a non-parametric test (distribution-free test) is used to compare two independent groups of sampled data. Since there are more than two groups in independent group comparison, Kruskal-Wallis test is applied instead of Mann-Whitney U test. Finally, the main objective of using statistical analyses in third research is to estimate the types of pollution sources, the level of pollution and its environmental impacts on the Tahtali dam reservoir by means of statistical methodology.Öğe Evaluation of water quality parameters for the Mamasin dam in Aksaray City in the central Anatolian part of Turkey by means of artificial neural networks(Springer, 2008) Elhatip, Hatim; Kömür, Mehmet AydınSustaining the human ecological benefits of surface water requires carefully planned strategies for reducing the cumulative risks posed by diverse human activities. The municipality of Aksaray city plays a key role in developing solutions to surface water management and protection in the central Anatolian part of Turkey. The responsibility to provide drinking water and sewage works, regulate the use of private land and protect public health provides the mandate and authority to take action. The present approach discusses the main sources of contamination and the result of direct wastewater discharges into the Melendiz and Karasu rivers, which recharge the Mamas dam sites by the use of artificial neural network (ANN) modeling techniques. The present study illustrates the ability to predict and/or approve the output values of previously measured water quality parameters of the recharge and discharge areas at the Mamasin dam site by means of ANN techniques. Using the ANN model is appreciated in such environmental research. Here, the ANN is used for estimating if the field parameters are agreeable to the results of this model or not. The present study simulates a situation in the past by means of ANN. But in case any field measurements of some relative parameters at the outlet point "discharge area" have been missed, it could be possible to predict the approximate output values from the detailed periodical water quality parameters. Because of the high variance and the inherent non-linear relationship of the water quality parameters in time series, it is difficult to produce a reliable model with conventional modeling approaches. In this paper, the ANN modeling technique is used to establish a model for evaluating the change in electrical conductivity (EC) and dissolved oxygen (DO) values in recharge (input) and discharge (output) areas of the dam water under pollution risks. A general ANN modeling scheme is also recommended for the water parameters. The modeling process includes four main stages: (1) source data analysis, (2) system priming, (3) system fine-tuning and (4) model evaluation. Results of the ANN modeling scheme indicate that the output values are agreeable to the water quality parameters, which were measured at the field in the static water mass of the Mamasin dam lake. Water contamination at the dam site is caused by the continuous increase of nutrient contents and decrease of the O-2 level in water causing an anaerobic condition. It may stimulate algae growth flow in such water bodies, consequently reducing water quality.Öğe Heavy metal contents and the water quality of Karasu Creek in Nigde, Turkey(Springer, 2008) Yalçin, Mustafa Gürhan; Aydın, Olcay; Elhatip, HatimDifferent sources of pollution in Karasu Creek were investigated to obtain the water quality and ratio of contamination in this region. To achieve the main objectives of the present study, water samples were collected from Karasu Creek, starting from flow pattern at the upstream site of Akkaya Dam to the end of the dam, crossing the place where the Creek drains into. Dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, temperature and maximum/minimum pH were measured systematically for 12 months in the stations, where the water samples were collected. Chemical analyses of the water samples were carried out by using Cadas 50 S brand UV spectrometer to find out the Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, S, F and Cn concentrations. These concentration were determined in mu g/lt as 80-850; 180-4,920; 10-6,100; 440-25,530; 130-2,400; 120-280; 20-150; 214,250-1,113,580; 1,560-4,270 and 40-690, respectively. To determine metal levels of the water samples, multivariate analyses (element coefficient correlation, coefficient correlation dendrogram, hierarchical cluster analysis dendrogram, model summary and ANOVA) were used. The analyses yielded highly accurate results. There were positive correlations between some elements and their possible sources were the same. The stations which resembled each other along the creek were divided into three groups. The water quality of the creek was low and had toxic qualities. Eutrophication developed in Akkaya Dam along the creek. The source of pollution was thought to be industrial and residential wastes. Absolute (0-100 m), short distance (100-500 m) and medium distance (500-2,000 m) conservation areas should be determined in pollution areas along Karasu Creek and they should be improved.Öğe Hydrogeochemistry and isotopic study of the travertine deposition of the Tuzlusu (Aksaray) thermal-mineral springs(1999) Afşin, Mustafa; Elhatip, HatimTuzlusu thermal-mineral springs emerge at the intersection of faults, parallel to the Tuzgolu fault zone and oblique to these faults in NW of Aksaray. The marbles of the Bozcaldag metamorphics, cropping out at Cal region and its vicinity, form the main aquifer of these springs. The total discharge of the springs is low, while their CO2 and total dissolved solids (TDS) contents are high. In addition to the old travertines extending along the main faultline, recent travertine depositions exist in places where thermal-mineral water appears. The travertine in this region is formed under certain conditions including low flow depth, turbulent flow, and increasing pH and temperature values due to the loss of CO2. Evaluation of 18O, 2H, 3H isotopic data indicates the meteoric origin of the Tuzlusu springs. The temperature of the springs decreases after leaching the granites and evaporites on their circulation paths. The results of 13C analysis show that a part of CO2 of the water is of marine carbonate origin. The hydrochemical facies of the Tuzlusu springwaters are in Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 and Na-Cl types, and the temperature of the reservoir rock is around 115°C. Total hardness and salinity hazard potential of the springs are high, and hence they could not be used for irrigation purposes.Öğe Influences of human activities and agriculture on groundwater quality of Kayseri-Incesu-Dokuzpinar springs, central Anatolian part of Turkey(2003) Elhatip, Hatim; Afşin, Mustafa; Kuşçu, İlkay; Dirik, Ramazan Kadir; Kurmaç, Yakup; Kavurmacı, Murat M.Human activities and agriculture have had direct and indirect effects on the rates of contamination of groundwater in the Incesu-Dokuzpinar spring area. Direct effects include dissolution and transport of excess quantities of fertilizers with associated materials and hydrological alterations related to irrigation and drainage. Indirect effects may include changes in water-rock reactions in soils and aquifers caused by increased concentrations of dissolved oxidants, protons, and major ions. Agricultural activities have directly or indirectly affected the concentrations of a large number of inorganic chemicals in groundwater, for example NO3, N2, Cl, SO42, H+, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, B, Pb, and Zn, as well as a wide variety of pesticides and other organic compounds. For reactive contaminants like NO3, it is recommended that a combination of hydrochemical and environmental-tracer analytical approaches might be required to resolve changing inputs from subsequent alterations as causes of concentration gradients in groundwater. The water type of Dokuzpinar springs is mainly Na-Mg-Ca-Cl-HCO3. Note that the water types of the springs were directly related to the hydrogeochemical properties of outcrops at the study area. Thus, the high concentration of Ca2+ and HCO3 is mainly related to the high CO2 contents in the marbles, whereas the high Na concentration arises from the existing syenite, volcanic ash, basalt, and clay units, although the İncesu-Dokuzpinar springs cover most of the drinking and irrigation water demands of this area. The high concentrations of NO3 and NaCl show that the area around the springs is continuously being contaminated by untreated sewage and agricultural wastes, especially during dry periods. Therefore, this approach is based on the vulnerability studies of the catchment area, determination of the transfer time of the pollutant, and the water-bearing formations of İncesu-Dokuzpinar springs. Vulnerability in this study is defined as the intrinsic hydrogeochemical characteristics of an aquifer, which may show the sensitivity of groundwater to be contaminated by different human activities.Öğe Influences of wastewater discharges on the water quality of Mamasin dam watershed in Aksaray, Central Anatolian part of Turkey(2005) Elhatip, Hatim; Güllü, ÖzlemSustaining the human ecological benefits of surface water requires carefully planned strategies for reducing the cumulative risks posed by diverse human activities. Municipal governments in Aksaray City play a key role in developing solutions to surface water management and protection problems. The responsibility to provide drinking water and sewage works, regulate the use of private land, and protect public health provides the mandate and authority to take action. A large part of Aksaray City uses MamasIn dam water as its primary source for drinking water. Several point sources of contamination may result from direct wastewater discharges from Melendiz and Karasu rivers, which recharge the MamasIn dam watershed. Relevant studies were carried out for monitoring the eutrophication process, which usually occurs in the static water mass of the MamasIn dam lake. This process may be caused by the continual increase in nutrients and decrease of O2 levels, causing anaerobic conditions. Stimulated algae growth in these water bodies consequently reduces water quality. Hydrochemical parameters were evaluated to estimate the types of pollution sources, the level of pollution, and its environmental impacts on the Mamasin dam drinking water reservoir.Öğe Roles of hydrogeochemical evaluations in estimating protection zones of Koçpınar springs in Aksaray, central Anatolia, Turkey(2001) Elhatip, Hatim; Afşin, MustafaThe present study indicates estimation of protection zones of Koçpınar springs in Aksaray area by means of hydrogeochemical methods. Relevant hydrogeochemical studies were carried out to achieve this objective. Koçp1nar springs emerge on strike-slip Hasandagi fault set (HFS) along the Tuzgölü (Salt Lake) fault zone (TFZ) in central Anatolia. The outcrops of volcanic origin exhibit different hydrogeological properties in the study area. The hydrogeochemical evaluations of Koçp1nar springs represent good results about the available main groundwater flow systems that exist in this area. Marbles of Palaeozoic age form the main aquifer that recharges Koçpınar springs. The CO2 gas content of the spring waters is significantly high. Based on the ion concentrations, the water of this spring has mainly two hydrochemical facies: Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Na-HCO3. Although, the hydrochemical analyses showed that waters of these springs meet the drinking and irrigation water standards, the area around the springs is continuously being contaminated by both domestic and agricultural wastes. Therefore, detailed hydrogeological, hydrochemical and isotopic investigations were carried out to accurately estimate the protection zones of Koçp1nar springs. These studies showed that three main protection zones could be proposed against external pollution effects around the spring's area.Öğe Statistical approaches for estimating the environmental flows in a river basin: case study from the Euphrates River catchment, Eastern Anatolian part of Turkey(SPRINGER, 2015) Elhatip, Hatim; Hınıs, Mehmet AliEnvironmental flows are the water that is left in a river, or released into it to maintain valued features of the ecosystem. It refers to the water considered sufficient for protecting the structure and function of an ecosystem and its dependent species. In the recent advancement, there has been a rapid proliferation of methods for assessing the environmental flows, ranging from relatively simple, low confidence, desktop approaches, to resource-intensive, high-confidence approaches. Each of these has some merits and limitations. The statistical approaches have a very important role in most researches up to date. In the present study, the statistical approaches were carried out to estimate optimum environmental flow rate in the Euphrates River, which is one of the most important rivers running through the Erzincan plane in the Eastern Anatolian part of Turkey, with discharge values varied between 43.8 and 1,320 m(3)/s. The Euphrates water is mostly used for covering irrigation water demands, electrical energy production and water sports activities. In the present study, different statistical approaches including hydraulic rating and hydrologic methods were carried out to investigate the available water quantity needed for producing hydroelectrical energy from Kemah Dam and to estimate the optimum environmental flow that should be discharged from the Kemah Dam site and the minimum water depth required to maintain the ecosystem in this basin. The optimum environmental flow rate was estimated using hydraulic rating methods such as (a) wetted perimeter "Wet Environment" (b) river analyses systems (HEC-RAS), and hydrologic methods such as the base flow and the flow duration curve analysis. It is concluded from this study that the optimum environmental flow value at the Kemah hydroelectric power plant is calculated as 18.2 m(3)/s. This flow values correspond to Q95 on the flow duration curve, and approximately matched the values calculated by the wetted perimeter method (18.0 m(3)/s). This value represents the minimum environmental flow that should maintain and keep on the ecosystem in Kemah Dam site (for all aquatic organisms at depth of at least 25-30 cm). From the HEC-RAS approaches, the minimum flow rate (18.0 m(3)/s) corresponds to water depth of 0.25 m and water flow velocity of 0.90 m/s.Öğe The Relationship of the Change in Hydrogeochemical Features and Lithium Values of Kızılırmak Basin (Nevsehir-Central Anatolia) Water with Tectonic Fields(Technical University of Kosice, 2024) Demircioğlu, Ramazan; Elhatip, HatimIn this study, in particular, the relationship between high lithium values and geological environments was examined. To determine this, the geology, structural geology, hydrogeology, and hydrogeochemistry of the area in the north of the Gülşehir-Yeşilöz sub-basin of the Kızılırmak Basin were investigated. For hydrogeological studies, 19 water samples were collected in May and September. Tectonically, this area has a horst-graben structure. The relationships between the water analysis values of the study area and the tectonic areas were investigated. In particular, the lithium content of the waters in the study area was investigated. Hydrogeochemical properties and seasonal changes in water resources were studied in detail, and their relationship with tectonic areas was evaluated. Water analyses were carried out during wet and dry periods to determine temporal hydrogeochemical changes. According to the analysis, the waters in the area are of Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 facies. In addition, there are water samples with high lithium content in the study area. IDW and Kernel diagrams of these were prepared. It was found that these high values were influenced by the rocks formed in the ancient sea and saline lake environments. The region with the highest lithium value is in the formations that represent the former salt lake environment. High lithium (Li) values are generally higher in the region within the Kızılırmak graben. Lithium values in this area were determined as 241.3 µg/L, 154.5 µg/L, 155.2 µg/L, 156.8 µg/L, and 155.6 µg/L.Öğe The use of hydrochemical techniques to estimate the discharge of Ovacık submarine springs on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey(2003) Elhatip, HatimShallow submarine springs along the Mediterranean coast of Turkey discharge most available groundwater via highly developed karstic (buried channels) systems towards the Mediterranean Sea before interception for domestic and agricultural uses. This phenomenon takes place in Ovac1k-Silifke village, one of the most intensive touristic places on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. This study reports on the hydrochemical tests and dye-tracing techniques that were used to measure the amount of water discharge along the Ovac1k coastline. Comparison of the electrical conductivity (EC) of the karst springs, which have a background concentration of 500 µS/cm, with the EC of the coastal and submarine discharges is an important tool for identifying the percentage of available freshwater from the shallow submarine springs.Öğe Tuz Gölü'nün Aksaray ili yeraltı sularına etkisinin coğrafi bilgi sistemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmesi(Ekoloji Dergisi, 2010) Kavurmacı, Murat; Altaş, Levent; Kurmaç, Yakup; Işık, Mustafa; Elhatip, HatimPlansız yeraltı suyu kullanımının bir sonucu olarak Tuz Gölü'nün tatlı su akiferlerini etkileme potansiyeli artmaktadır. Bu durum Tuz Gölü ve çevresinde zamanla önemli çevre sorunlarını beraberinde getirecektir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin önemli tarım alanlarından birisi olan ve Tuz Gölü'nün güney ve doğu sahillerini sınırlayan Aksaray ovası yeraltı su verileri değerlendirilmiştir. inceleme kapsamında 3 kaynak, 37 kuyu olmak üzere toplam 40 adet örnekleme yapılmıştır. Bir yıl boyunca (Ağustos 2007 - Haziran 2008) alınan örneklerde fiziksel ve kimyasal su kalite parametreleri incelenmiştir. Yeraltı suyu verilerinin daha etkin bir biçimde değerlendirilmesi amacı ile Co?rafi Bilgi Sistemleri'nden (CBS) faydalanılarak inceleme alanının su kalitesi haritaları hazırlanmıştır. incelenen yeraltı suları genel olarak, orta derecede tuzlu ve düşük sodyum içeriğine sahip sulama suyu özelliği göstermektedir. Tuz Gölü'nün güney ve güneydoğu kıyı kesimlerindeki yeraltı sularında tuzluluğun artması, tuzlu su girişiminin varlığını ortaya koyarken, tatlı su akiferlerinin kullanma ve sulama suyu açısından kalitesini de düşürmektedir.
