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Öğe Biodrying for municipal solid waste: volume and weight reduction(TAYLOR & FRANCIS, 2015) Bilgin, Melayib; Tulun, ŞevketBiodrying is a variation of aerobic decomposition used for the mechanical-biological treatment organic substances to dry and partially stabilize residual municipal waste. This study focuses on the volume and weight reduction biodegradation of the biodrying process using municipal solid waste and the appearance of a stable, final product. The materials were placed in a reactor with invariant airflow rates of 50 L/h and initial moisture contents of 48.49-50.00%. The laboratory-scale experiments were implemented using a 36-L biodrying reactor equipped with an air supply system, a biomass temperature sensor and air sensors. To determine the effect of temperature on biodrying, the process was repeated at various temperatures between 30 degrees C and 50 degrees C. The results obtained indicated that after 13 days, biodrying reduced the volume content of waste by 32% and the final product had a high calorific value (4680 kcal/kg).Öğe Comparison of randomly-oriented ZnO nanorods and butterfly-type ZnO nanorod bundles for toluidine blue photocatalytic degradation(2012) Çakır, Alişah Çağatay; Güloğlu, Pınar; Bilgin, Melayib; Erten Ela, ŞuleThis paper is devoted to the decontamination of wastewater using ZnO nanostructures. The photocatalytic degradation of aqueous solution of a commercial dye, toluidine blue (TBO), has been investigated with two different kinds of ZnO nanostructures comprising butterfly-type ZnO nanorods and randomly-oriented ZnO nanorods. In order to be able to compare the photocatalytic efficiency, ZnO photocatalysts with two different crystalline structures are prepared by using different precursors but operating same microwave-assisted method. Butterfly-type ZnO nanorods are synthesized by using surfactants. Randomly-oriented ZnO nanorods with environmentally-friendly method are obtained without using any base and surfactant. The two different kinds of ZnO photocatalysts are characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis absorption spectrum. The effects of pH, ZnO catalyst dosage and TBO initial dye concentration are tested experimentally for photocatalytic degradation. After 90 minutes reaction time, the decolorization efficiency of the TBO achieved 85.20% for butterfly-type ZnO nanorods and 77.20% for randomly-oriented ZnO nanorods. Additionally, under the same optimum conditions of pH=11, [ZnO]= 1g-ZnO L -1, [TBO]= 108 mg TBO L -1, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal efficiencies are obtained 56.70% and 40.80% for butterfly-type ZnO nanorods and randomlyoriented ZnO nanorods, respectively.Öğe Enhanced soluble protein and biochemical methane potential of apple biowaste by different pretreatment(Springer, 2018) Tulun, Şevket; Bilgin, MelayibThe purpose of this research is to evaluate the anaerobic digestion of apple pomace waste in terms of pretreatment. In this study, the main pretreatment strategies for apple pomace include: ultrasound (35 and 53 kHz), thermal and chemical (pH 5 and 10). For each pretreatment method four different temperatures are selected as 25, 40, 50, and 60 °C, and operation times are selected as 5th, 15th, 30th, and 45th minutes. The effects on pretreatment were investigated by measuring changes in the soluble protein concentrations of pretreated wastes and the enhanced anaerobic digestion was investigated by using the biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay. The soluble proteins of ultrasonic (35 kHz at 60 °C, 45th min), ultrasonic (53 kHz at 60 °C, 45th min), chemical (pH 5 at 60 °C, 5th min), chemical (pH 10 at 60 °C, 30th min) and thermal chemical (40 °C, 15th min) pretreatment apple pomace were 74.3, 75.6, 48.7, 85.5 and 58.6% higher, respectively. The results indicated that apple pomace treated with 53 kHz at 60 °C, 45th min had the highest biogas yield of 1519 mL CH4/g VSS.day after anaerobic digestion, which was on average 40.9% higher than raw pomace. © 2018, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature.Öğe Heavy metals bioconcentration and translocation in plants: The influence of a thermal power site(Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi, 2019) Akıncı, Görkem; Gök, Gülden; Bilgin, MelayibSoil and plant samples were collected from agricultural areas under the influence of thermal power plant and ash samples were collected from ash storage area. In samples, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, Al, Ca, Fe, K, Na and S were analyzed using ICP-MS. The aim of the study is to determine the set of elements mainly emitted from the components of the thermal power plant, as well as the major sources influencing the plant elemental levels. In the ash samples, significant enrichments of S, Mo, As, Ca, Cd and Cr were determined. Sugar beet leaves were considered to be a potential Na hyperaccumulator due to the translocation factor (TF) of 13525 calculated in its leaves. As a result of the Principal Component Analysis applied to the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) determined in plant parts, the main source of Co, Pb, Ni, Cr, Fe, Al, V, As, Mn and Cd was determined as geochemical background level of soil. Cu, Zn, and Mo enrichment in plant parts were found linked with agrochemicals used on the site, while another source of Cd was detected as phosphate fertilizers. Mo and S are identified as the main elements sourced from thermal power plant units.Öğe Investigation of various pollutants removal in leachate by electrocoagulation method(Pamukkale University, 2017) Tülün, Şevket; Bilgin, MelayibLandfilling is the most widely used method for the waste treatment As experienced in other solid-waste landfills, leachates are generated during the decomposition of the garbage buried and as a result of the percolation of rainfall through the landfill. Landfill leachates consist of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic components which can contain toxic and hazardous contaminants. Due to the wide variation in the characteristics of the leachates, there is no unique way for their treatment Therefore, the effective treatment of landfill leachate usually requires a combination of various physical, chemical and biological technologies. Up to now, electrochemical process has been proved to be promising for wastewater treatment mainly due to its high effectiveness and easy operation. This study investigated the efficiency of electrocoagulation in removing total nitrogen (TN), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) from leachate. The paper studies the factors affecting the efficiency of removing these parameters of leachate, such as amount of electrode material, current density, electrolysis time. The sample of leachate was supplied from Aksaray Landfill Site in Aksaray. In experimental studies the optimal duration was determined to be 30 minutes for COD. The removal efficiencies of COD %83, with two electrodes for 5 V at 30 minutes. 120 minutes were accepted as the most suitable reaction time for total organic carbon. The increase in the operating time was found to have a lesser effect on the total nitrogen recovery efficiency. All the findings of the study revealed that treatment of leachate by electrochemical process can be used as a step of a joint treatment.Öğe Removal of heavy metals (Cu, Cd and Zn) from contaminated soils using EDTA and FeCl3(Global NEST, 2016) Bilgin, Melayib; Tulun, ŞevketEnvironmental pollution caused by heavy metals from different industrial activities constitutes a serious risk for the environment. Soils contaminated with metals, such as Cu, Cd and Zn, are often subjected to physical or chemical remediation procedures to purify soils from these metals. Typical chelating agents used for metal extraction and soil washing generally include ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid nitrilotriacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and citric acid. The subject study evaluating the potential of soil washing methods using EDTA and ferric chloride on two types of soils (coarse grained, fine grained). The effects of operating parameters, such as liquid/solid ratio, soil washing chemicals and washing time were examined. In extraction procedure of Cd (266 mg kg-1), Cu (194 mg kg-1) and Zn (497 mg kg-1) from contaminated coarse grained soil with using 0.01 M FeCl3 washing solution (liquid/solid ratio 20) for 2 hours, contaminants were removed 96.66%, 90.02% and 98.25%, respectively. In extraction procedure of Cd (218 mg kg-1), Cu (153 mg kg-1) and Zn (441.6 mg kg-1) from contaminated fine grained soil with using 0.01 M FeCl3 washing solution (liquid/solid ratio 20) for 2 hours, contaminants were removed 98.18%, 97.48% and 98.05%, respectively. Better removal efficiencies have been obtained by using FeCl3. These results confirmed the effectiveness of the soil-washing method with FeCl3 in remediating heavy metals (Cu, Cd and Zn) from different types of soil. © 2016 Global NEST Printed in Greece.All rights reserved.Öğe Sızıntı sularında çeşitli kirleticilerin elektrokoagülasyon yöntemiyle gideriminin incelenmesi(Pamukkale Üniversitesi, 2017) Tulun, Şevket; Bilgin, MelayibDüzenli depolama, atık bertarafı için en yaygın kullanılan yöntemdir. Depolama sahasındaki ayrışmaların ve yağışların süzülmesi sebebiyle sızıntı suları oluşmaktadır. Sızıntı suları tehlikeli ve zehirli kirleticiler ihtiva eden organik ve inorganik karışımlardan oluşur. Sızıntı sularının farklı özellikleri olduğundan tek bir arıtım yapılmasının yolu yoktur. Bu sebeple sızıntı sularının etkin bir şekilde arıtılabilmesi için çeşitli fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik teknolojilerin bir arada kullanılması gerekir. Şu ana kadar elektrokimyasal süreçlerin, özellikle atık suların arıtılmasından yüksek verim elde edilebilmesi ve kolay uygulanabilir olması nedeniyle umut verici bir yöntem olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma da elektrokoagülasyon yöntemiyle sızıntı sularından toplam azot (TN), toplam organik karbon (TOK) ve kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ) giderilmesi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada elektrot malzeme sayısı, akım yoğunluğu ve elektroliz süresinin giderilmedeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Sızıntı suyu örnekleri Aksaray düzenli depolama sahasından alınmıştır. Yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda KOİ için en uygun sürenin 30 dakika olduğu tespit edilmiştir. En fazla giderim verimi %83 ile 2 elektrotlu 5V elektrokoagülasyon çalışmalarının 30. dakikasında elde edilmiştir. Toplam organik karbon da ise en uygun reaksiyon süresi olarak 120 dakika kabul edilmiştir. İşletim süresinin artmasının toplam azot giderim verimine etkisinin az olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına (literatüre benzer) göre sızıntı sularının arıtımında elektrokoagülasyon yönteminin kullanılabileceği saptanmıştır.Öğe Treatment of domestic wastewater using a lab-scale activated sludge/vertical flow subsurface constructed wetlands by using Cyperus altemifolius(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2014) Bilgin, Melayib; Şimşek, İsmail; Tulun, ŞevketActivated sludge-vertical flow subsurface constructed wetland systems (VFSCW) were investigated in order to remove COD and N in sewage of Aksaray. Over a study period of 25 days, the system was able to achieve moderate total nitrogen removals with the range of removal efficiencies of 35.28% and 59.84% at organic loading rates of 940 mg TN/m(2) d. In the effluent of the system, COD and TN observed was higher than those by last of operation as roots of plant were decomposed and dissolved in the effluent of the system. Conventional wastewater treatment plant could not remove N and P in sewage in order to prevent eutrophication in receiving water bodies. CWs may be an economical option for N and P removal in the effluent of secondary treatment such as activated sludge, trickling filter of oxidation ponds because conventional nutrient removal is much costly and complex compared to natural treatment systems.Öğe Ultrasonic and thermal pretreatment of apple pomace to improve biochemical methane potential(WILEY, 2018) Tulun, Şevket; Bilgin, MelayibThis study evaluates the effects of ultrasonic and thermal pretreatment on apple pomace solubilization and on the performance of the subsequent mesophilic anaerobic digestion. Ultrasonic frequency (35 and 53 kHz) and thermal methods are studied for pretreatment strategies. For each pretreatment method, four different temperatures are selected such as 25, 40, 50, and 60 degrees C, and operation times are selected as 5, 15, 30, and 45 minutes. The highest increase in organic solubilization was observed at 60 degrees C with 53 kHz in the 45 minutes. The highest biochemical methane productivity was achieved by the 53 kHz ultrasonic pretreatment at the 45 min. In addition to this, the solution with 1481.4 mL CH4/g-VS was 1.74 times higher than the nonpretreatment condition 852.8 mL CH4/g-VS. The pretreatment tests showed that the increasing biochemical methane potential could be obtained by using the apple pomace.Öğe Use of diatomite for the removal of lead ions from water: thermodynamics and kinetics(TAYLOR & FRANCIS, 2015) Bilgin, Melayib; Tulun, ŞevketThe uncontrolled discharge of heavy metals generated by industrial processes into the environment threatens the living organisms. The widespread and unrestricted use of heavy metals results in their accumulation. Due to their adverse effects, heavy metals can be considered as an emergent pollutant group. In industrial wastewaters Pb2+ ion concentrations vary between 200 and 250 mg/L. Removal of heavy metals from wastewaters by an adsorption process can be economic and efficient, depending on the used adsorbent, in comparison with other methods. The present study aimed to examine the ability of a diatomite to remove lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions under various conditions. The effects of optimum adsorbent mass, contact time, different temperatures and pH were investigated. Pb(NO3)(2) solution in a batch system was used in the present study. First, the specifications of the sorbent were determined and four different sorbent amounts were used. After this, the effect of contact time on the process of adsorption was determined. Finally the effect of different temperatures and pH on the adsorption was evaluated by using five different pH values and a temperature range from 20 to 40 degrees C. The maximum obtained removal efficiency was 98.09% by using 1.5 g/L diatomite for 2 min at pH 6 and 25 degrees C. The adsorption isotherm of lead (II) was described with Langmuir isotherm. The paper also discussed thermodynamic parameters, including enthalpy and entropy, and concluded that the adsorption was an endothermic process under natural conditions.Öğe Waste Characterızatıon of Karaman Provınce and Determınatıon and Comparıson of Indıvıduals' Waste Approaches(Iğdır Üniversitesi, 2023) Argun, Yusuf Alparslan; Bilgin, MelayibThe most basic building block of solid waste management is to determine the amount of waste generated by individuals in a day. As it can be understood from here, the most important issue in solid waste management is individuals. Therefore, all kinds of waste management studies should be based on the individual. In our study, a questionnaire was applied to 1 263 people residing in Karaman. In addition, according to income levels, 5 pilot regions were determined and characterization studies were carried out in different time periods. Of the wastes generated as a result of characterization, 45.08% of kitchen wastes, 3.41% of park and garden wastes and 30.36% of recyclable wastes. Only 18.6% of the recyclable waste potential is collected with the existing system. Within the framework of the survey, the rate of those who collect recyclable waste separately is 21%. In addition, it is understood from the survey study that individuals do not know what type of waste is produced in their homes. In this framework, waste collection and evaluation suggestions were presented by determining the waste potentials with the characterization study and the individual attitudes with the survey study.
