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    Diversity and abundance of climbers in relation to their hosts and elevation in the monsoon forests of Murree in the Himalayas
    (Pakistan Botanical Society, 2020) Rahman, Amjad Ur; Khan, Shujahul Mulk; Saqib, Zafeer; Ullah, Zahid; Ahmad, Zeeshan; Ekercin, Semih; Mumtaz, Abdul Samad; Ahmad, Habib
    Climbers play diverse roles in the biology of forests. Climber species due to its fragile nature are sustible to any change in the forests. Knowledge about climber species in the forests is relatively inadequate and this is the first effort to report the climber plant species in Pakistan. Ecological methods were used to find out climbers abundance, distribution and their relationship with trees/ shrubs in five 1-ha plot range of 735 m to 1754 m elevation at sea level at five localities viz., Baroha, Ghoragali, Numbal, Patriata and Salgaran in the Murree Forests in Western Himalaya, Pakistan during the year of 2016-2017. An overall 3400 climbing plants belonging to 23 species, 19 genera and 13 families were identified and described. Apocynaceae (22%) was the most leading family followed by Ranunculaceae (13%) Rosaceae (13%) and Menispermaceae (9%). Based on our findings the climber species are classified into four classes based on their habit/ form as well. The dominant class was represented by twining climbing mode (43%) followed by woody (30.4%) and hook mode (22%) while tendrils (4.3%) were rare. The abundance and distribution of climber plants were affected by parameters like biotic factors (collection pressure, grazing pressure and No. of hosts) and abiotic factors (topographic and edaphic). Canonical Corresponding Analysis (CCA) indicated that grazing and collection pressures along with elevation were the most important factors influencing the distribution and abundances of climbers. Documentation of the climbers is imperative in the context of increasing forest disturbances, deforestation and fragmentation of forest habitat. Current study will lead towards many other detail studies on climbers in near future.
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    Impact of multiple environmental factors on species abundance in various forest layers using an integrative modeling approach
    (Elsevier, 2021) Rahman, Amjad Ur; Khan, Shujaul Mulk; Ahmad, Zeeshan; Alamri, Saad; Hashem, Mohamed; Ilyas, Muhammad; Aksoy, Ahmet; Dülgeroğlu, Canan; Khan, Gulzar; Ali, Shahab
    It was hypothesized that multiple environmental factors influence distribution and abundance of plant species in different vegetation layers of the forest ecosystem=. Here, we have assessed plant diversity, abundance and its relationship with multiple factors through an integrative modeling approach. To substantiate or negate our hypothesis, Quadrat quantitative ecological methods were carried out for the sampling of vegetation in Humid Forest Ecosystem of the Western Himalayas. Rectangular plots of 100 m, 50 m and 1 m were established for trees, shrubs and herb species, respectively. All the edaphic, topographic, climatic and disturbance factors were determined using different standard procedures and protocols. We have applied multiple linear regression and structural equation models using R-Software on most abundant plant species each from trees, shrubs and herbs. Preliminary, integrative modeling showed that the species abundance is significantly associated with a set of soil nutrients (physio-chemical variables), topography (aspect, slope, elevation) and disturbance factors (anthropogenic and grazing pressure). The species dominance effects were synchronously influenced (p<0.025) by the soil physical characters (sand, silt and clay), canopy and regeneration potentials compared to other factors. Our results provide bases to understand the underlying mechanisms of species abundance and its importance of the forest ecosystem in the western Himalayas. This work concludes that ecological diversity is overall the result of multiple factors but climatic, topographic, anthropogenic and grazing pressures primarily shape the diversity and functioning in a forest ecosystem. Additionally, we found a clear pattern that variations in edaphic factors cause the abundance of certain species over others.