Yıldız Gülhan, PınarEröz, RecepÖztürk, Cihadiye ElifYekenkurul, DilekAltınsoy, Hasan BakiGüleç Balbay, EgeErçelik, MerveDavran, FatihYıldız, Şeyma2025-04-222025-04-222025https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92304-120452322https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12451/13093We aimed to evaluate the effects of both the expression and serum levels of Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) genes in patients with different degrees of cellular damage as mild, moderate, severe, and critical illness that can lead to fibrosis caused by SARS-CoV-2. Totally 45 individuals (male: 21(46.67%); female: 24(53.33%)) with COVID-19 infection were included in this study. Four groups were constituted as mild (n = 16)], moderate (n = 10), severe (n = 10), and critical (n = 9) according to the severity of the disease. Blood samples were drawn from the patients, and all of the hemograms, EGF and TGFβ1 gene expression, and serum levels were evaluated. The mean age of individuals was 57.311 ± 18.383 (min: 28, max: 94). Significant differences were found among the groups for PLT (χ2 = 9.955; p = 0.019), CRP (χ2 = 7.693; p = 0.053), Ferritin (χ2 = 22.196; p < 0.001), D-dimer (χ2 = 21.982; p = 0.000), LDH (χ2 = 21.807; p < 0.001) and all these parameters (exclude PLT in severe groups) was increased depending on the severity of the disease. Additionally, significant differences were detected for EGF (χ2 = 29.528; p < 0.001), TGFB1 (χ2 = 28.981; p < 0.001) expression (that increased depending on the disease severity), and EGF (χ2 = 7.84; p = 0.049), TGFB1 (χ2 = 17.451; p = 0.001) serum concentration levels (that decreased depending on the disease severity). This study found statistically significant differences for both EGF 2−ΔΔCt. TGFβ1 2−ΔΔCt and EGF, TGFβ1 serum concentration values among all patient groups. As disease severity increased, EGF 2−ΔΔCt. TGFβ1 2−ΔΔCt levels increased, while EGF and TGFβ1 serum concentration levels decreased. Perhaps this study will be useful in managing COVID-19 infection severity and pulmonary fibrosis cases secondary to COVID-19.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessCellular DamageEpidermal Growth FactorPulmonary FibrosisSARS-CoV-2Transforming Growth Factor-β1İnfectionArticle15110.1038/s41598-025-92304-1401189222-s2.0-105000490361Q1001449773000017Q1